What do you think is the most important emerging issue in the design of work?

In my opinion, some of the most important issues that are emerging in the design of work are the specific aspects of a job. Telecommuting, alternative work patterns, technostress and skill development are some of these issues. (Cengage Learning, 2010, p. 228) Upon reading the case study for the Coca-Cola Company, I think that they are already addressing the issue of skill development. Coca-Cola appears to be looking for individuals who are motivators, innovators and competent enough to do the job. By implementing the core values and the mission of their company, Coca-Cola seems to have a staff of professionals that have bought into the happiness and optimism of the company. Building the company brand and allowing staff the power of autonomy is an influential factor of empowerment for any organization. This is what makes Coca-Cola so successful. Discuss the most likely organizational design for Coca-Cola Company. The most likely design is having a formal structural dimension with a decentralized decision making authority. The company seems to have a machine bureaucracy structural configuration. It would need to have strong formalization in order to maintain its product line globally at a high quality level. The design would also need to be specialized and standardized in order to decentralize the decision making locally. The vision at Coca-Cola serves as the framework for their Roadmap and guides every aspect of their business by describing what they need to accomplish in order to continue achieving sustainable, quality growth. People: Be a great place to work where people are inspired to be the best they can be. Portfolio: Bring to the world a portfolio of quality beverage brands that anticipate and satisfy people's desires and needs. Partners: Nurture a winning network of customers and suppliers, together we create mutual, enduring value. Planet: Be a responsible citizen that makes a difference by helping build and support sustainable communities. Profit: Maximize long-term return to shareowners while being mindful of our overall responsibilities. Productivity: Be a highly effective, lean and fast-moving organization. (The Coca-Cola Company, 2006-2011) By integrating this vision into the design process, Coca-Cola has goals that are not only attainable, but rewarding to the employees, customers and stockholders. From a job design perspective, how would you interpret what these seven employees of The Coca-Cola Company say about the secret ingredients that make their jobs so refreshing? My interpretation of these seven employees comments are that Coca-Cola uses a job characteristic theory in approaching the hiring of employees. The employees see the value of their job performance. They also understand their responsibility within the company and the effect that their job performance has on the mission. I think that Coca-Cola has effectively designed the jobs within the company to motivate the employees. Based on their responses, the level of employee engagement seems high. What information contained in the seven employees' comments about their jobs relates to the core job characteristics of skill variety? Skill variety is defined as â€Å"the degree to which a job includes different activities and involves the use of multiple skills and talents of the employee. † (Cengage Learning, 2010, p. 223) Coca-Cola showcases the skills and talents that the employees bring to the job. They do this by giving the employees opportunities to learn and grow both personally and professionally. The company also encourages employees to bring their unique ideas and expertise to the forefront and act upon them; this allows the employees to express more of their personality at work.

Basketball Sports Editorial

The Stanford Cardinals men's basketball team won, 82-69 over visitng Arizona State on Thursday night. With the win, the Cardinals ended a two-game losing streak and continued their ninth straight win at home. This was an important game for the Pac-10 Conference teams. After the game, Stanford (9-4,13-9) remained a game behind co-leaders UCLA and California. Stanford senior, Matt Haryasz, who scored 22 points, said: â€Å"Right now we just need to win. We're only a game out of first and we think we got robbed out of one at U of A.We're going to be pumped up to play. † Haryasz, who has dealt with vision problems stemming from a poke to the eye two weeks ago at Oregon State, became the 35th player in school history to reach 1,000 points, following Hernandez, who reached the milestone earlier this season. Haryasz also became the 13th player to record 1,000 points and 600 rebounds. â€Å"This injury has put things in perspective for me,† Haryasz said. â€Å"Sometimes you ta ke things for granted like always being able to see perfectly. To go down with the eye injury was tough.It's nice to see again. † Stanford's Chris Hernandez scored 12 points and extended his consecutive free throw streak to 34. Hernandez is now seven shy of Todd Lichti's 41 straight, and 15 short of the school record held by Ryan Mendez. Also a senior at Stanford, Dan Grunfeld, scored a career-high 31 points against Arizona on Thursday. He made 9 of 11 shots from the field and all 11 of his free throws. He now has a total of 914 career points for Stanford. Grunfeld, a first-team all-conference pick last year, injured his knee last Feb. 2 and had surgery on Feb. 23. He missed the final nine games of the season, but his shooting and scoring have both been off from last year. â€Å"The fact that we won is more important, but it is special for me as far as coming back from an injury. † Grinfeld said. â€Å"I'm wearing a lighter brace now, and it's nice to be able to do thi ngs I wasn't able to do before. † Grunfeld began wearing the new brace in Saturday's loss at Gonzaga. Cardinal coach Treant Johnson said of Grunfeld and his new brace, â€Å"He's had a lot of bounce the last week.I thought at Gonzaga he looked real good. It's nice to have Danny back. † Haryas said, â€Å"You can tell he's moving more fluid, and that's good for the team. It's good to know he's able to do so much more. A bunch of times I hit him (with passes), he was wide open. He got a couple of easy buckets, went to the foul line and started rolling. † Stanford's Antwi Atuahene, who scored 10 points, stole the ball and went all the way in for a layin to draw Arizona State within 49-43 with 13:37 to play.He was called for a foul 17 seconds later, and a technical foul assessed on Sun Devil assistant coach Tony Benford moments later. Stanford made all four free throws on the play, and Hernandez added two more foul shots on the ensuing possession to push its lead bac k to double digits. Also on Thursday, Cal sent the University of Arizona Wildcats to their sixth conference loss. The Wildcats are coming to Stanford Maples Pavilion on Sunday at 12:30 p. m. for a key game.

A Diamond Personality – Oscar Rodriguez

Ask Oscar Rodriguez about the dot-com burst and he may grin at you as if to say, â€Å"What burst?† Rodriguez, a 38- years-old entrepreneur, owns an Internet business that sells loose diamond to various buyers. Business is booming for Rodriguez, In 2004, he has sales of $2.06 million-a 140 percent increase from 2003. Rodriguez’s database of almost 60000 diamonds is one of the largest and is valued, according to Rodriguez, at over $350 million. Needless to say, Oscar Rodriguez is optimistic about his business venture. The future wasn’t always so bright for Rodriguez, however. In 1985, Rodriguez moved from his country, Puerto Rico, to Gainesville, Florida, with little ability to speak English. There, he attended community college and worked at the local mall to support himself. After graduation, his roommate’s girlfriend suggested that he work at a local jeweler. â€Å"I thought she was crazy. I didn’t know anything about jewelry,† says Rodriguez, who took her advice. Though he worked hard and received his Diamonds and Diamonds Grading certification from the Gemological institute of America, he wasn’t satisfied with this progress. â€Å"I quickly realized that working there; I was just going to get a salary with a raise here and there. I would never become anything. That drove me to explore other business ventures. I also came to really know diamonds-their pricing and their quality.† In 1997, tired of working for someone else, Rodriguez decided to open his own jewelry store. However, business didn’t boom. â€Å"Some of my customers were telling me they could find diamonds for less on the Internet. It blew my mind.† Rodriguez recognized an opportunity and began contacting well-known diamond dealers to see if they would be interested in selling their gems online. Roriguez recalls one conversation with a prominent dealer who told him, â€Å"You cannot sell diamonds on the Internet. You will not survive.† Discouraged, Rodriguez then says that he made a mistake. â€Å"I stopped working on it. If you have a dream, you have to keep working harder at it.† A year later, Rodriguez did work harder at his dream and found a dealer who agreed to provide him with some diamonds. Says Rodriguez, â€Å"Once I had one, I could approach others. Business started to build. The first three months I sold $200,000 worth of diamonds right off the bat. And that was just me. I started to add employees and eventually closed the jewelry store and got out of retail.†Although Rodriquez does have some diamonds in inventory, he primarily acts as a connection point between buyers and suppliers, giving his customers an extraordinary selection from which to choose. Rodriguez is now a savvy entrepreneur, and his company, Abazias.com, went public in October 2003. Why is Rodriguez successful? Just ask two people who have known Rodriguez over the years. Gary Schneider, a realtor who helped build Rodriguez’s building, says, â€Å"Oscar is a very ambitious young man. I am not surprised at all how successful he is. He is an entrepreneur in the truest sense of the word.† One of Rodriguez’s former real-estate instructors, Howard Freeman, concurs. â€Å"I am not surprised at all at his success,† says Freeman. â€Å"Oscar has always been an extremely motivated individual with a lot of resources. He has a wonderful personality and pays close attention to detail. He also has an ability to stick to things. You could tell from beginning that he was going to persevere, and I am proud of him.† Rodriguez is keeping his success in perspective, but he also realizes his business’ potential: â€Å"I take a very small salary, and our overhead is $250,000 a year. I am not in debt, and the business is breaking even. I care about the company. I want to keep everything even until we take off, and then it may be another ball game.†

Air Cargo Forecasts: The MergeGlobal Forecast

The MergeGlobal forecast entitled Steady Climb speaks of the air freight tonnage growth after the traffic boom of 2004, following years of stagnation in 2002 and 2003 because of the dot-com bubble and collapse in technological spending in 2001 (Clancy & Hoppin, 2006, p.65).After the global traffic boom came the slow but positive growth since 2005 until 2010 (Clancy & Hoppin, 2006, p.65).   What we ask therefore, is how long it would take before the next downturn of growth rate begins again.MergeGlobal, however, forecasts that â€Å"[G]lobal traffic growth is most likely to maintain and to gently accelerate over the next five years† (Clancy & Hoppin, 2006, p.65).   Because of sustained economic growth in North America, Europe, and Japan, there would be an additional demand in world intercontinental air freight, while increasing metric tons by 3.0% from 2000 to 2005, and by 6.4% from 2005 to 2010 (p.65).Industrial goods production from North America and Europe would be trans ported to Asia via air freight because of persistent congestion and delay problems in the ocean transport system, and thus, creating a positive upgrade and effect to the world intercontinental air freight.As indicated above, the absence of a downturn would lead to a compound average growth rate that is 6.4% that is double the growth rate from 2000 to 2005.This is more than twice the forecasted growth rate in 2000, and slightly above the long-term growth trend of the air cargo tonnage.   As indicated too, â€Å"the single most important driver of air freight traffic growth is consumption growth, broadly measured by Gross Domestic Product† (p.66).Because there appears to be sustained positive GDP growth in the world’s most important air freight regions (except China), then it is presumed that, consistent with the historical patterns of the globe, the air freight tonnage is expecting steady growth until 2010.Majority of the new traffic is expected to boom in the Asian r egions for trade and industry.   This includes Australia and the Indian subcontinent; while Mexico is put in the Latin America category.Reference:Clancy, B., & Hoppin, D. (2006, August). Steady climb: MergeGlobal forecasts accelerating intercontinental air freight demand growth through 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2009, from the MergeGlobal database: http://www.mergeglobal.com/articles/2006-08_Steady-Climb_Article.pdf.

Earth’s hydrologic cycle Essay

The chemical quality of precipitation in the earth’s hydrologic cycle is significantly altered upon contact with the forest canopy. These chemical changes are traceable to natural biological processes and from polluted airsheds which affects precipitation chemistry. What happens to the water when it reaches solid earth shall be viewed by the chemical changes that occur on the different stages of the hydrologic cycle. Earth’s hydrologic cycle Hydrologic cycle is the process where water moves from and to the earth through the atmosphere over time and space scales powered mainly by the solar energy and gravity. Solar energy drives the evaporation process effectively transforming water from liquid to gas which results to cloud formation through saturation (Davie & Davie 2002). The degree of equilibrium then is the maximum point of saturation in any mixed atmosphere of vapor and air. When the air cools below the dew point, condensation of water vapor begins. The air at higher altitude is less dense producing lesser heat and lesser air pressure giving out cooler air. Condensation is the process through which water vapor changes to its liquid state again in the form of dew, smoke or fog. Precipitation occurs when clouds can no longer hold the heavy water vapor and it falls back to the earth in the form rain or snow and other forms. The distribution of precipitation on earth depends on the patterns of rising and falling air currents. Precipitation fills oceans, river, vegetation, land and other surfaces. Part of the water reaching the ground surface is highly dependent on turbulent transport from the atmosphere to the canopy on its composition, structure and properties. Rainwater picks up dust particles, plant seeds, bacteria, dissolved gases and ionizing radiation as it falls. It also accumulates with chemical substances like sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and ammonia upon hitting the ground. Aerosols, pesticides and fertilizers, sewage and industrial wastes which were introduced into the ground also mix with the infiltrating ground water. If precipitation continues, complete saturation of the soil zone occurs. This allows the water to continue to descend until it merges into a zone of dense rock. Density is directly proportional on its ability to allow penetration of water. Around these rocks are unsaturated and permeable materials called gravel, shale or sand. The boundary between the unsaturated and the water bearing rocks is defined as the water table. Water table could be hundreds of meters below the water surface where sometimes water rises without pumping in the form of springs. Drilling an artesian well will cause the water to gush to the surface until the pressure is equalized. Pumping may be necessary to lift water to the surface. Ground water is largest source of fresh water but is very difficult to track. Ground water well is good if the aquifer water level that supplies it stays the same. Cone of depression occurs when ground water is pumped from an aquifer through a well lowering its water level (Strobel n. d. ). A gradient then occurs producing a flow from the surrounding aquifer into the well decreasing water levels around the well. This results in a conical shaped depression that seems to radiate away from the well continuously expanding in a radial fashion until a point of equilibrium occurs. This plays an important role when planning well placements and deciding pumping rates including distances between wells. References Davie, T. & Davie, T. (2002). Fundamentals of hydrology. New York, NY: Routledge. Strobel, M. (n. d. ). Let’s talk water – cone of depression. Retrieved April 28, 2008 Website: http://nevada. usgs. gov/barcass/articles/Ely27. pdf

Principle of Retribution for International Crimes Essay

Principle of Retribution for International Crimes - Essay Example h. Without a coherent philosophical theory of criminal punishment to justify international criminal justice, the mere authority or "permission" to apply a set of norms to international criminals remains vacuous. If such trials cannot provide substantive justice in a philosophically meaningful sense, they are more deeply flawed than any procedural objection would reveal. (John, 2001) The idea that all criminals should be punished for their illicit deeds, regardless of their political position, is at the heart of the modern international criminal law regime. The former argues that the benefits, over either the short or long run, of punishing people such as Goring or Saddam Hussein in a legal forum justify such trials. Such thinkers point to the usual battery of utilitarian arguments for punishment: deterring future crimes, establishing a historical record of the criminal acts, reforming lawbreakers, providing a sense of closure to their victims, and so forth The other, more abstract view declares that justice itself demands that these people be punished independent of any harmful or beneficial consequences that may arise from their trial. For retributivists, other benefits of punishment, though desirable in themselves, are morally insignificant. It is the latter view that is the only valid justification for trying the unique sorts of crimes that the international courts have been designed to handle. (Larry, 2005) Arnaud does not argue for the philosophical soundness of retributivism as such, nor he defendes the philosophical legitimacy of war-crimes trials in general. Specifically, he stated that one cannot make sense out of the intuitions, values, and beliefs that stand behind the current movement toward international criminal trials and war-crimes trials (or their shared ideology, if you will (Arnaud 2004, 1) unless one understands it to be rooted in a retributivist theory of punishment. While the term "ideology" is a loaded one, it nonetheless captures the point: the ideology standing behind modern international criminal law and the laws of war displays a noted bias in favor of the retributivist principles articulated by Kant (among others). Ultimately, war-crimes trials do not provide the greatest happiness for the greatest number. (Christopher 2002, 43-61) Despite some important philosophical differences among individual thinkers, retributivists share some common central beliefs. For these thinkers, the rationale for punishment is "metaphysical" in character in the sense that it is rooted in abstract principles of justice and right. Justice is the independent, nonmaterial motivation for punishment, and it serves as the sole determining ground for punishment. Punishment by a court (poena forensis) ... can never be inflicted merely as a

Ethnic studies Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethnic studies - Term Paper Example forcement of policies, attitudes, practices that yield equitable opportunity, power, access, treatment, impacts and outcome for all (Yamamoto, pp, 7). Most people have the perception of racism as an individual action such as prejudice or intentional acts of discrimination but racism is just more than individual acts. Racism is a set of cultural, societal and institutional practices and beliefs that subordinate and oppress one race for the benefit of another. Nevertheless, a racial justice integrates the beliefs and practices but still include prejudice as one of the way racism is propagated. If cases of racism exist in a society, the best response is to provide diversity training or sensitivity training. The racial justice framework would seek to evaluate the social injustices, systems, polices and laws and if cases of inequality are found hold them accountable and demand for systemic change. Racism traces its genesis in the colonial relationships, slavery and capitalism. These three elements are the roots of racisms that have manifested itself in different forms such as human oppression such as mentally, financially or socially. Empathy has always played a central role towards racial justice. The understanding and having compassion for those undergoing racism have ignited the racial justice that currently seen in the world. It is the fight for those who felt this is not right that led to emergence of racial justice. For instance, empathy exhibited by the famous leaders such as Martin Luther King on social equality gave birth to racial justice. Those people who felt the minority were being left out during voting exercise and brought the case to US court in 1965 led to change of the system whereby everyone was allowed to vote regardless of the social status or race so long such individual had the requisite age. Yamamoto offers four aspects as a working definition towards racial justice. These integral aspects when incorporated together works on a theory that

MGMT455 U1 IP Theory X & Y Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MGMT455 U1 IP Theory X & Y - Research Paper Example This theory tends to adopt the authoritarian style of management. Whereas, Theory Y assumes that individuals take responsibility and they do not need control and direction on each step, they are active, motivated and consider the work as the natural part of their lives, and are capable of achieving higher goals in their jobs. This theory is considered is the participative style of management. One style cannot be used in all situations. It totally depends on the circumstances and conditions of the environment and employees. The management can be authoritative in some cases and can also be practical in other cases while a mix of both the theories can result better. The practices of Theory Y can turn out with better results as this will develop confidence and courage among the employees to work in a relaxed and a comfortable environment. For-example, well and high structured call center operations can get a certain amount of benefits by allowing their employees to perform and respond to customers on their comfort and knowledge level. So, by adapting to Theory Y practices they can appreciate and encourage the overall knowledge sharing processes. The difference between Theory X and Theory Y management is quite noticeable. In my opinion, the management of Theory Y is much more effective and productive than Theory X, as the authoritarian management of Theory X is much adopted in most of the huge firms and organization and leaves less comfortable environment for the employees, whereas most of the organizations allow participative management of the employees which prefer self motivation and appreciate new ideas from the individuals. Considering Theory Y management, many of the organizations use decision making processes, in which each employee has the opportunity to share his thoughts and ideas. There are basically two major types of democratic decision making, including, persuasive democratic management and consultative

Rubric Activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rubric Activity - Essay Example are that students should never lose interest in reading habit [ since drawing a picture to emphasize the meaning of the lesson will remain in their mind at the time recollecting what they have learned], once the students feel easy to recollect and understand what they have learned they will not get distracted by other activities , this will also improve their ability to explain things that they face new, finally students will be encouraged gradually to develop their reading habit in terms of making them flexible to understand the meaning of what they read new. A rubric has to be formulated to assess their learning development. The categories that are to be included with this rubric are Drawing pictures while teaching a new concept, asking them to guess what it represents before going into detail, teaching the concept and asking them what they have understood, linking the picture and explaining, finding out the response from the students, linking the resources used, finally to make them do the same by giving a new task in the class itself. This will show a good result

Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Risk - Essay Example In this context, the greater the risk, the more that alternative is unfavourable while if the risk is lower the alternative is the best for an individual to take a course of action into it (ALEXANDER, 2008). In my work I will examine the risks in relation to financial assets. Probability can be defined as the possibility that a given event will occur or take place; therefore, it is the possibility of an event coming to pass. For example, probability of a woman given birth to a boy child or a girl is 0.5. This means that there is a possibility of a girl or boy child being delivered. In this manner, is the method that is used to define and measure likelihood distribution of possible outcomes, and taking into consideration variables of its distributions at different occurrences (CONNOR, GOLDBERG & KORAJCZYK, 2010)? Due to different understanding of term risk many scholars are of other takes that measure risks especially those that emphasizes on negative results or that are below some known referent points. Different scholars have also defined risks in terms of how risky it is to take certain alternatives. In this scholars view risk as a perceptual variable. For example taking participants with a pair of gambles and asking them which gamble appear riskier to them. In addition one can assess individual’s sensitivity on riskiness by putting up a scale of 1(not at all risky) to 50 (extremely risky). This will give results on how individual view risks in a given situation. The major concern of such ratings or models is to have a grasp of individual perception on risks (ALEXANDER, 2008). In their perception on a given risk people judge risks and feel that their judgment is significant. Risks judgment is a routine carried out in the day to day activities. Managers approximate the riskiness of various courses of action and implement these actions with a lot of

Home Health and Hospice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Home Health and Hospice - Essay Example Medicare is composed of three parts; Part A, Part B, and most recently part D. Part A and B were the initial divisions of the Medicare Program. Part A covers the health care received in hospice and health care without monthly premiums. It is the insurance portion of Medicare. Part B covers doctors’ services as well as other outpatient care absent in part A with an added monthly premium, which in 2008 cost about $96.40 every month (Shi & Singh, 2010). Changes in payment permitted people to make hospice services payment on a prospective basis under four care levels and adjusted by the wage index in an area. The local adjustment was important because it allowed low rates in regions with low wage levels and high rates in regions with high wage levels. This was followed by a new wage index, which comprised of a mix of both new and old wage indexes however; the new index was still based on hospital wage data. The Medicare hospice rates also varied according to the level of care that a beneficiary received. Initially, the payment system by Medicare was linked to the â€Å"Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (BBA)†, and it had a huge influence on the number of home health as well as hospice care agencies. Initially, the implementation of BBA led to the exit of these agencies from the market as it reduced medical reimbursement, and the number of providers. Implementation of the prospective payment system (PPS) generated improved growth and financial stability of agencies. It stopped the decline in the number of home health providers. With the PPS, Medicare paid home health and hospice providers for every 60-day â€Å"episode of care.† The amount paid for the 60-day period was a set amount based on a standard rate and adjusted to the type as well as the intensity of care offered known as a case mix formula. The home health PPS depended on a 153-category case mix adjuster to set payment rates anchored in patients attributes like functional status, clinical ri gorousness, and the requirement for rehabilitative therapy examinations (Shi & Singh, 2010). Initially, Medicare hospice coverage consisted of 290-day benefit periods and an indefinite number of 60-day benefit time. Coverage can extend beyond this period given that a six-month prognosis is the doctor’s best estimate. There is also provision for patients to move out of and back into hospice care. When out of the care, patients regular Medicare or other insurance cover them. Medicare reimburses the providers of home health and hospice care on a per diem basis. This kind of payment covers all services offered by the hospice (Shi & Singh, 2010). There are numerous different rates that vary according to the level and type of care offered. Concerning eligibility for home and health care under Medicare, a patient has to present a medical justification to qualify hospice and home health benefits. Initially, eligibility criteria varied, depending on the hospice program. However, patie nts had to have a progressive, irreversible illness limited life expectancy, and they had to opt for palliative care instead of cure-focussed treatment. The presence of a family member or another caregiver was required continuously when the patient was no longer able to care for him or herself. Initially, for a person to be qualified for Medicare benefits, he or she had to be qualified f

Advocacy Role in Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Advocacy Role in Anthropology - Essay Example Further, other anthropologists have taken more active role in community affairs observing that they have a wider responsibility of bringing about change (Gardner and Lewis p.48). Advocacy anthropology is a sub-field within anthropology that has been growing steadily since its initiation in early 1960s (Gardner and Lewis p.48). Advocacy anthropology has long history and attachment to applied anthropology and adoption of the role of advocacy on the part of anthropologist brings with it many risks and responsibilities (Gardner and Lewis p.48). Advocacy anthropology as it has been practiced by its proponents and to large extends anthropologists is largely concerned with efforts of indigenous people to have and establish relative more control with regard to their lives. Some of the powers sought by indigenous people include the power to retain their cultural identities and to ensure they control and maintain access to their local natural resources. The role of anthropologists in society has become complex especially with continuing global inequalities and injustices (Kellett p.21). In this way anthropologists find themselves in complex, messy and even scenario and it is in this way anthropologists get involved usually at micro-level working with communities. As a result, some questions that becomes pertinent for anthropologists as they get engaged in community activities include: are anthropologists supposed to act and act to improve the situation of local people? More so, should anthropologists act as intermediary and voice on behalf of local people and should anthropologists play an active role as agents of change? (Kellett p.2). When anthropologist become agents of change in any particular community it dawn on them that issues even at micro-level are not homogenous but are largely heterogeneous in nature. In this way, advocacy is likely to conflict some interest groups or even suppress some cultures. When anthropologists be come aware of this, it dawn on them that

Identify the principal powers available to the courts in England & Essay

Identify the principal powers available to the courts in England & Wales in connection with statutory interpretation. How does t - Essay Example One system of employment tribunals that works for England, Wales, and Scotland also exists. In both England and Wales, the house of lords handles matters of highest appeals. In such cases, only the law lords are charged with the responsibility of proceeding over these cases. The Supreme Court judicature act 1873 however abolished this. This was done through the elections where the parliament passed the bill to have the Supreme Court in place. However, an amendment preserving the judicial function of the House of Lords was passed. The court was then used to handle impeachment cases in England, even though nowadays they are considered Magistrate court refers to the lower courts in which all criminal proceedings begin. Certain civil issues can also be decided in these courts, these include family matters (Probert, 2011). These courts have been meant in such a way that they can deliver justice in a swift and simple mean. In England and Wales, there are many magistrates’ courts; th e number is approximate to be over 360. The jurisdiction of these courts lays o the various powers that the legal system gives them. Offences especially those termed as summary offences are often considered small offences and are thus punishable under the powers of magistrates’ limited courts. ... Indictable offences may include rape, murder, and robbery among others. The cases here are heard by the judges at district judge in the magistrate or by three bench magistrate. The magistrate courts have no jury. The police undertake the investigation of these cases and then the prosecution is done accordingly. Defendant can chose to hire to solicitor to represent them in court. This is often catered by the state. Jurisdiction and sentencing powers of the courts In regards to issues related to criminology, the magistrate courts also used to be referred to as police courts both in England and Wales were put in place to deal with little offences at a speedy manner. Nearly all the criminal cases begin and stop at this point. Serious crimes are often taken to crown courts. It is approximated that 95% of many cases are handed at this point. Least serious criminal offences like driving cases, criminal damage of minimal damage, drug possession, vandalism, and criminal damages. All these are dealt with at summery proceedings in the magistrate court. In such cases, the defendants lack the right to jury trial and they have no formal indictment (Miller & Jentz, 2011). The verdict lies in the hands of the magistrates and judges at the courts. Sentencing powers in the magistrate courts have certain limitations. There are certain offences that have their limitations. For instance, they are capable of inflicting fines up to five thousand US dollars and can pass an imprisonment sentence. When the magnitudes of offences are big, the limitation is often raised. This means that such cases can attract high fines of up to over $ 50, 0000. There are certain cases like driving offences where the driver can be penalized by being disqualified from driving for some time. Such cases

Allocation of Funds in the DOE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Allocation of Funds in the DOE - Essay Example This document will show the reasons for the re-allocation of the monies toward viable sources of energy, and will also outline the importance of energy conservation as a tool in adjusting from hydrocarbon fuel sources to the alternative energy source formats. Current Distribution of Funds, in millions, for 2011 Projected Distribution of Funds, in millions, for 2012 $100M Nuclear Energy $100M Nuclear Energy $145M Fossil Fuels $45M Fossil Fuels, until projected phase-out $75M Alternative Energy Sources ($40M for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells) ($90M for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells) ($15M for Solar Energy) ($10M for Wind) ($25M for Wind) ($10M for Biomass) ($0 for Water Power) ($40M for Water Power) $30M Energy Conservation and Weatherization $50M Energy Conservation and Weatherization Our planet is in crisis. We are technologically more advanced than ever, but our advancement comes at a price. We need to face the reality that our energy consumption is far exceeding the fuel resources we are using to sustain our lifestyle. Wood, coal, petroleum - each resource we have employed since we discovered how to turn energy into power has become a part of the global problem which it is now too late to solve: how do we save our planet from ourselves? In reviewing the alternatives for energy sources and the technologies currently exploring those alternatives it is my recommendation, based upon the book The End of Oil by Paul Roberts, that the following areas merit the bulk of the available funds: Energy Conservation and Weatherization, Nuclear Energy, and of the alternative energy sources that have been explored, Hydrogen and Fuel Cells. The abundance of a given resource is a deciding factor in determining which technologies merit funding. The question is which resource will carry us the farthest, making it the most worthy of investment? Let us consider the merits of the various resources, starting with coal, which falls under the category of fossil fuels. Coal was literally the corner stone of the Industrial Revolution at the turn of the last century. (27, Roberts) However, in the twenty-first century, with a century of pollution having adulterated our environment, Roberts points out that we have no choice but to consider cleaner sources of energy. Coal did, however, replace wood as an energy source, and it was able to achieve a technological leap previously impossible with wood: â€Å"Newcomen’s engine took the process one step further, by converting the heat energy from combustion into the physical, or mechanical, energy of work.† (28) Still, as a renewable energy source, it is found lacking. Coal and other fossil fuels are finite resources, making them unworthy of further financial investment. The Department of Energy is hereby charged with managing the re-allocation of funds to renewable sources of energy. The Department of Energy must also utilize the re-allocated funds in the Energy Conservation category to maximum advantage, for the following reason: â€Å"Changing our energy sources has historically been a highly disruptive process.† (15, author) This is to say that whenever people have negotiated the transition from one energy source to another, the change is slow to take effect because the existing technology works best with the resources currently

Identification of the sources of finance available to a medium size Assignment

Identification of the sources of finance available to a medium size business, - Assignment Example The legal implication comes in handy in that if the business does not go into overdraft, then the bank cannot charge interest. Overdrafts are repayable on demand, this could have a negative effect to the business in case of bankruptcy or where the business has no liquid cash to repay, posing a financial risk as well. A commitment fee is usually charged by the bank where a business wishes to increase its overdraft facility. No tax is charged. We can compare the opportunity cost of opting for overdrafts as compared to short term loans, with short term loans, the business does not have to worry about the bank withdrawing an overdraft before it is in a position to repay because there is an element of security which is not available with normal overdrafts. Trade credit is an interest free short term loan. If a business has a good relationship with its suppliers, this could be a viable choice of finance. Raw materials may be purchased on credit with payment terms varying from between 30 to 90 days. In a period where the general price of goods and services is escalating, purchasing through credit keeps costs down. How a business operates its credit facility has a significant influence on credit scoring affecting its future accessibility to credit. Also, a company’s credit rating could be worsened if the business delays in payments therefore making it difficult to obtain additional trade credits bringing in a tangible financial risk. Trade credits are not subjected to tax. If a business wishes to borrow from a bank for only a short period of time to purchase items such as fixed assets, then that would be termed as taking a short term loan. The amount is given in full at the beginning of the period and is paid in instalments. Term loans have legal implications that can be sited by the fact that the loans carry a facility letter setting out the terms of the

A paper on a material object during the medieval period Essay

A paper on a material object during the medieval period - Essay Example However for the bulk of this period the availability of the Holy Bible as a material object was restricted for practical as well as theological reasons.1 During the medieval period access to the Holy Bible, as a material object was in fact restricted due to various intentional and unintentional factors. Books of any description were generally very expensive material objects throughout the medieval period taken as a whole.2 The high cost of books put all but the wealthiest people off buying them in the first place. Books were highly expensive because of the methods used to produce them, paper and parchment was costly to make, meaning that writing errors and mistakes were often just crossed out, or even ignored completely.3 The Holy Bible during the majority of the medieval period was hand written as the Chinese invention of the movable printing press took a long time to reach Europe (not doing so until the late fifteenth century).4 Therefore the production of the Holy Bible was slow as well as painstaking if done properly. Then again it could take just as long to produce copies of the Holy Bible, which were riddled with mistakes, and inaccurate wording.5 Indeed it frequently took days for people usually monks to write out new copies of the Holy Bible in full by hand. There was not a high demand for new copies of the Holy Bible due to the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches wanting to control who actually read the gospel, as well as they interpreted the content of the gospel.6 The Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern orthodox churches were particularly keen on restricting access to the Holy Bible to those it trusted. In other words they’re own clergy, monks, nuns, and the wealthier citizens within European societies. For the majority of the medieval period it was only the clergy and the members of the religious orders that were predominantly literate, although the male

What's in a Name Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What's in a Name - Essay Example Such a move is described as customer driven since it puts the interests of the customer at the fore front. According to the articles history, most celebrities have found it difficult to find a suitable name for their children. This has made them to adopt funny names that may have an impact in the child’s life. By capitalizing on this situation, Maryanna expects to serve new parents who are unable to come up with good names. In overall, parents and new born are her target market. Maryanna would receive a lot of competition from companies that manufacture baby care products. It is evident that such companies have their own name experts who are charged with the responsibility of naming baby products. Baby products are always required to be in sync with catchy names. Such names may form clues to parents on how to name their children (Osborn, 2009, p.245). By being able to name children on their own, the parents won’t need those services of Maryanna thereby threatening her business. There are other companies that specialize in naming celebrity children. Such companies pose a great challenge to Maryanna since they are engaged in the same line of business. Such situations may lead to one of them diversifying into other fields thereby incurring unwanted costs (Osborn, 2009,

Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 8

Taxation - Essay Example Lastly, for individuals, the taxation of savings affects the decision on savings and when to allocate their assets. This system of taxation has a lot of impacts to the communities involved and has numerous recommendations. Generally, the whole issue is tied on people’s general saving behavior. Every time a taxation system surfaces people tend to adjust their saving behaviors. This is just normal because taxes play an important role is asset finance. Widely, we tend to save less when our incomes are low and needs are high (Buguignon 2005, 39). Therefore to save one cannot rely on an income to save. We save or run down our existing wealth when the amount for consumption differs from the amount of income they receive in a particular time period. The present paper addresses precisely these issues and suggests a normative framework to analyze tax policy in which social preferences are concerned by individual utilities instead of the ambiguous concept of ‘household welfare’. Individual level data are rare and even more difficult is the measure of individual welfare so that we resort to the use of a structural multi-utility model with minimalist assumptions regarding preferences. Moreover, social evaluation of welfare - at individual or household level – requires the formal framework of the optimal taxation theory. This way, the paper suggests one of the very first attempts to reconcile two branches of the economic literature which are usually dissociated. On the one hand, we benefit from the collective model of labor supply (Chiappori, 1988, 12) which acknowledges explicitly the presence in the household of several deciders whose preferences may differ. The decision making process - the incentive constraint of the social planner - relies on the sole Assumption that household decisions are Pareto-efficient. This setting allows

Thelma and Louise Essay Example for Free

Thelma and Louise Essay This movie is talking about an adventure of two women, who are middle age good friends and they plan to have a fun just for 2 days originally. However, after the accident happened in the parking lot of a bar on their way to their destination, everything went wrong and their vacation was like a disaster. But during their trip, they survived, they found out their way to live and found back their self-respect so I think it is a good model as a feminism movie and that’s way I choose this movie. Then let me introduce the movie and analysis it. In the beginning of the movie, it introduces the two women main character Thelma and Louise who are all beautiful and middle aged. But Thelma’s husband who is a very male chauvinism man, restricting his wife at home and going out anywhere himself, shouting at his wife and keeps commanding his wife rudely. On the other hand Louise is a waitress, having a boyfriend but not marry yet. I think in the late 1900s women are still oppressed by the society and men. Even though the film does not mention the era, I can figure the time easily because the social status of women is still low and equivalent to the other film â€Å"North Country†. After a routing insult from her husband, Thelma decides to go having fun with Louise without her husband’s permission and this is the first step that makes her find herself. When they are on the road, Thelma becomes wild, passionate and crazy and energetic like she is just released from the jail. She also mentions that she feels the call of the wild. When they stop driving for fun in a bar, she is cheated by man’s sweet words and dancing with him. I think because this is the very first time she expresses herself, and compared with Louise, Thelma is more innocent and reckless. So the consequence is that she is nearly to be raped. But honestly, what she has done? She just has some fun like anyone else. But the women will be raped and the men are not, from this accident I think that the social back ground very look down on women and even don’t respect them at all. I think that Louise is smarter and stronger than Thelma; maybe because she is a waitress, she has more chances to face the people and the society. So when something bad happens to Thelma she arrives and saves her immediately. Accidentally, Louise shots the man dead, both her and Thelma are afraid and scared; they have two choices, calling the police or just run away, but Louise knows that the police will not believe them so they just escape anyway. I think Louise shots the man dead because, first she had the same experiences like Thelma in the past and the second is that the man does not apologize instead calling them bitch. She says to that man (who states that he and Thelma are just having fun) â€Å"when women cried, that does not mean they are having fun! And the gun which be brought by Thelma is the key point of the whole film, starting their life as the runaways. I think if they were calling the police for the dead man right away the consequence would be different. But the raping crime has no witness except themselves and they know that no one is going to believe them. In a male chauvinism society no one will stand on their side (both law and policeman), so they choose to escape, differing from â⠂¬Å"North country†, the two girls do not fight against the law in the court but by running away. On the road, they come into a hot guy who is called J. D. and Thelma very likes him because he is handsome and humorous. In the same time, Louise contacts with her boyfriend, Jimmy, to get enough money for the trip. Jimmy is one of the two kind men in this film, and no matter what happen to Louise he will wait her. After getting the money, Louise asks Thelma to keep it safe; however, Thelma focuses on having fun with J. D. because he is totally different from her husband. When Thelma tells Louise how awesome he is and she left him in the room, Louise rushes to the room for the money. As expected, the money was stolen and they have nothing. Most of the men in the film are bad guys and emphasizes the feminism of this film. Thelma’s anxious husband and the man who wants to rape Thelma make them want to fight against men instead of being oppressed by them. Feminism movies always need male chauvinism to contrast the awakening of women. And this trip, they call it vacation, is a wakening for them to find themselves. On their way, Thelma becomes smarter and finds her truth personality gradually. For surviving, Thelma even robs a store with her gun and I really admire her courage even though that means they have to escape from state to state. I think maybe she is more innocent than Louise and having less experience but actually she is the one dare to do anything. This also can be detected in the beginning of the film that she goes out with Louise without her husband’s permission, and also can be seen when she makes a call to her husband during the trip, her husband asks her go home right away and Thelma just reply â€Å"f***ing yourself†. I think these behaviors cause from she just let herself get out of the constraint which restricts her soul for so long. There is another man who drives a gas car keeping annoy them on the road. He keeps saying â€Å"suck my dick† this kind of dirty languages, several times Louise and Thelma just ignore and overtake the gas car. At the last time they cannot bear anymore, they stop the car and negotiate with the man, asking him apologize. Like the one they met in the bar, he just says bad languages to them. But this time the two women are not afraid of holding guns and both of them shots the gas car. They are not cowards anymore because they go through all of these chaoses and conquer them. After be chased by police for so long, in the end of the movie they are surrounded by the police army. Both of them do not want to be arrested and sent back to the male society, Louise is not going to give up and Thelma would rather keep going into the canyon than get caught, it is a decision between life and death. So in the end they just kiss each other and driving away from the police, rush into the canyon by holding hands with each other. I think this movie is a model feminism film because the main characters are two women, not men. And their changing during the trip which they called â€Å"vacation† is very profound. I think what makes them change is that the press and insult from man for so long, and this trip exactly makes them figure out why they have to endure? Why they have to put up with all these things. When they figure out they have nothing to lose, they just set themselves free anyway and do whatever they want. In the end of the movie, their courage to die together instead of being caught is very impressive and makes me think what I would do if I were them. They even smile when they face the death; I think they must have strong souls which fight against for them. And the death also represent that they look down on this male society, it’s hopeless for them to live. So they just want to keep going to the death I supposed. And I very appreciate that spirit.

What Is a Worldview Essay Example for Free

What Is a Worldview Essay What is a Worldview? I would look at it as a view of the world, but the real meaning of worldview is it being a word that ecompasses a great deal of meaning, emotions, and potential consequences. In review a worldview is a persons philosiphy in life, a framework a person brings to decision-making, and a filter or lens which a person uses to interpret life and the world around them. Part II The question of Origin: How did life begin and how did mankind come into existece. The bible says In the beginning God created the Heavens and the Earth Genesis 1:1. Also Moses, the writer of Geesis under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit; 2 Peter 1:21, identifies God as the first cause. The Psalmist, David declares that God is his creater (Psalm 139:13-16) The question of Identity: What does it mean to be a human? Are humans more important than animals? Psalms 8:5 and Genesis 2:15; Male and female were both created in the image of God and were given the responsibility to rule over the animals and to be their caretakers. Although the earth and animals are not to be worshipped, mankind is responsible to take care of Gods creation. The question of Meaning/Purpose: Why does mankind exist? Deuteronomy 11:13; Leviticus 19:18. Why do I exist? Man is to love the Lord and serve Him with all your heart and with all your soul and to love your neighbor as yourself: I am the Lord. The question of Morality: What is meant by right and wrong? How should I live? Genesis 3; Exodus 20:6 As a result, mankind is in need of redemption. How this happens then differs between Judaism and Christianity. In Judaism, man is in a right relationship with God through good works. The question of Destiny: Is there life after death? What will happen to me when I die? Revelation 21:1-7; Revelation 20:11-15. Heaven and Hell are both literal places where people exist eternally either in the presence and blessings of God in Heaven or in a state of separation from God, being punished in Hell. The choice of receiving Christ as ones Savior or not making that choice while on this earth determines a persons eternal state. Part III 1. I would think about, speak to, and treat others on a daily basis as I would have known them a lifetime. I would talk to them as if God was in the room with us. I would also try to let the person know that there is a God and as a worldview point that believing in him and that the Lord died for our sins is the only way to get to Heaven and that its not false and a true statement. 2. In picking my future career, God will always come first. I am going for my bachelors in psychology now and I am hoping to work with married couples or divorced. I will always try to pray to God before each session to get me through and to guide me in the right direction to help these couples out. All in all God will always be in my life and he will guide me in my career as well. Citation: The book Consider by Dr Lew Weider and Dr Ben Gutierrez

Functions of the Digestive System

Functions of the Digestive System Healthcare Support John Fenton PART A: Identify the parts of the Digestive System on the diagram overleaf(see Diagram 1) Explain the function of each part of the Digestive System identified in the diagram above ? Introduction: The branch of medicine focused on the digestive system is Gastroenterology. The digestive system is a set of organs that work on food and drink to break them down into substances the body can absorb so that our body can grow, repair itself, have energy to live life. The Digestive system also gets rid of the waste that the body cannot use. Some organs have a direct input into the breakdown of food where others have an indirect input in the breakdown. The digestive system is made up of 2 parts the alimentary canal is made up of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines. In addition to the alimentary canal, there are several important Accessory organs that help your body to digest food they are teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Mouth is where food and drink enter the body and it has many parts that aid in breaking up the food. The teeth which there is 32 of them made up of incisors canine and molars which cut and tear the food breaking it into smaller pieces (mechanical digestion) the tongue moisten the food with mucus and the saliva glands secrete saliva to help break it up into a pulp and amylase work on starch to break it down.so as the food leaves the mouth to go down the throat(pharynx) it is formed into a bolus or pulp which makes swallowing easier. At the top of the larynx there is a flap called the epiglottis which prevents food going towards the lungs but instead letting into the esophagus. Esophagus or windpipe is a muscular tube connecting the throat to the stomach this foodpipe forces the food down to the stomach using muscular waves called peristalsis and along with mucus from the esophagus. At the end of the esophagus there is the cardiac sphincter that allows the bolus into the stomach but prevents the food going back up the esophagus. Stomach: It is C shaped bag that hold food until it is ready to go into the small intestine. The stomach release hydrochloric acid which aid digestion but kills bacteria. The stomach mixes and churns the food with the help of the wave like muscles(peristalsis) and enzymes help to chemically break down the food when food leaves the stomach through the pyloric sphincter it is creamy and is called chime. Small Intestine: It is 7 metre long and it is like a coiled hose and is made up of 3 parts the duodenum, jejunum ileum 90% of the digestion both chemical and mechanical takes place here and some absorption into the bloodstream .The liver produces bile and sends it to the gall bladder and then empties the bile into the duodenum and pancreatic juices are also go into the duodenum in order to help in the breakdown of food. There is villa in the walls of the small intestine which makes absorption into the bloodstream possible. Large Intestine: is a long, thick tube about 2 Â ½ inches in diameter and about 5 feet long. It wraps around the small intestine. It has 3 parts ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon. The large intestine receives undigested food from the small intestine and reabsorbs water back into the bloodstream from the faeces. Some undigested carbohydrates cannot be absorbed and form part of the waste that needs to leave the body. There are bacteria in the large intestine which make important substance called vitamin K. Faeces in the large intestine exit the body through the anal canal. The liver is the largest gland in the body it is soft and reddish and brown in colour. It is not considered as a direct part of the digestive system. It produces bile that aids in digestion by breaking down material and help creating waste products that will later need to be eliminated from the body. It destroys harmful bacteria that come from the digestive tract and it stores important vitamins that is in the food The gall bladder is a pear shaped sac attached by the cystic and bile ducts to the liver, stores bile which is made by the liver in a concentrated form until it is needed. the lining has many folds.it secretes the bile when it is needed.it is a thick liquid. The Pancreas is a greyish pink gland organ shaped like a fish it is connected to the duodenum at its tail. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine to complete the chemical digestion. The cells of the pancreas are divided into the islets of Langerhans(which produce insulin glucagon) help regulate the sugars in the blood pancreatic juice help to breakdown food. The juices contain lipose, amylase, trysin. Appendix: Is between the small and large intestine it a thin tube 4inches long, it is not known what its function is but it is suggested that it stores good bacteria. Rectum: Is 12cm long it is always empty except when it receives the contents of the colon(faeces) which it stores until it is excreted from the body through the anus. Anus:This is where the faeces leave the body it contains 2 muscles one involuntarily and the other voluntarily which means faeces can be held inside until the person is ready to excrete. The functions of the digestive system. are now complete they are ingestion, digestion, propulsion, absorption and elimination.(Course Notes (2015) (Tucker, 2012) Outline the composition of Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates, and explain how each of them are digested and absorbed by the body? Introduction; All the food we eat needs to be broken down by the body in order for the body to be able to use it. Our diet has to be balanced in order that our body received the correct nutrients necessary for it to be maintained and for our bodies to function properly. The food pyramid outlines the components necessary for balanced healthy diet. See diagram below that helps us to understand the foods that contain Proteins Carbohydrates and fats and how they are beneficial to the body. (Course Notes (2015) (Tucker, 2012) Type Source Function Digested by Body Absorbed by the body Proteins eg Beans,fish,Cheese, Chicken, Meat Repair Maintain Body (Building blocks) Source of Energy for body Create some Hormones eg Insulin Stores Moves Molecules Creates Antibodies to prevent infection Important Enzymes The Enzymes Pepsin from Pancreas/Stomach/Small Intestine. As Amino Acids Fats eg Chocolate,milk,Butter, Olive Oil,Nuts. Provides Vitamins A,D,E,K. Insulates the body sustains body Temperature. Turns Fat into Energy Lipase Enzymes breakdown fat in small intestine Fatty Acids Glycerol Carbohydrates eg Potatoes, Cereal,bread Main Source of fuel. Easily used by the body for Energy. Stored in some Organs for use later. Important in Intestine and helps in waste Elimination Pancreatic Amylase works on Carbohydrates in the Duodenum As Monosaccharides PART B: Draw a diagram of a typical cell, and state the function of each of it’s Organelles.(See Diagram 2) Introduction: The cell is the smallest living unit there are 50 trillion cells in the human body that cannot be seen by the naked eye. Cells vary in shape and size and each part in a cell has a job to do which contribute to the function of the cell. A group of similar cells working together form tissue and a number of tissues make up an organ and a number of organs make up an organ system like the digestive system and when these systems work together the result is an individual with all system working together. Below is outlined the main components of an animal cell. Cell Membrane: Regulates and controls transport in(food Oxygen) and out(CO2 Waste) of the cell and also provides a boundary around the cell. Cytoplasm is a gel like material that lies between the cell membrane and the nucleus, contains water and nutrients and protects the cell. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: It has bumpy tissue and produces and moves proteins and hormones around the cell. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: making and distributing molecules depending on the type of cell with a smooth surface. Ribsomes: They are a circle shape and they build protein from amino acids for the cell. Golgi Body: It gathers simple molecules makes them into more complex molecules then packages them into vesicles and then either holds onto the material or sends it out of the cell. Mitochondria: The Powerhouse of the cell as they provide the energy for the cell. The DNA is also found here.it breaks down food and it releases energy to the cell. ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is produced here and it powers the cells processes. Neuclear Membrane: holds substances inside the Nucleus allows material in and out between nucleus and cytoplasm.it is a protection layer for the nucleus. Neuleous:The main parts are DNA,RNA and proteins, the main function is helping in making ribosomes. Nucleus is a fibrous material, it is the control centre of the cell. It contains chromosomes with the DNA and materials leave the nucleus through the pores. Lysosomes: The disposal system of the cell, they breakdown complex proteins into simplier structures.it digests waste material and helps repair damage to the cell. Cilla: Is a hair like structure on the cell membrane moves substances along the surface of the cell and also helps to move the cell.(Course Notes (2015). Classify tissues into the four main groups; epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous, give an example of each ? (Table format will suffice) Introduction: The study of tissue is called histology. Tissues are the collection of cells with a similar structure and function. When the tissues work together they form into an organ. There are 4 types mentioned in table below. (Tucker, 2012) Type: Function: Example: Epithelial Tissue – covers body surfaces lines hollow organs Absorbs/Protects/Secretes/Filters Skin,Lines of organs body cavities ducts in glands,Intestines Connective Tissue – connects all other tissue in the body Gives support Rigidity to the body. Transports Oxygen Co2 in the body. Provide a cushion where bones meet Connecting Supporting other tissues Helps retain heat in the body Protects against disease Stretch Recoil Outer Protection of Organs Bones Cartilage Blood Areolar Adipose Lymphoid Yellow Elastic White Fibrous Muscle Tissue – bound together in bundles made up of water, proteins, fats,mineral salts, glycogen Mechanical digestion Body Movement Moves blood, food and waste through organs of body Smooth-Organ Walls –Involuntarily(not straited) Skeletal –Arms Legs – Voluntarily(striated) Cardiac – Heart Wall – Involuntarily (striated) Nervous Tissue made up of neurons neuralgia Controls transmit the impulses between the body organs via the neurons which are nerve cells Brain,Spinal Cord Nerves Explain the difference between benign and malignant tumours ? Benign Tumours: are not cancerous but are a mass of tissue that grow in an uncontrolled way but they can be removed. They do not spread to any other parts of the body and can be quite painful. Malignant Tumours: they are cancerous and they include cells that grow out of control and they often invade other cells and spread to other parts of the body. When a malignant tumour is removed there is a possibility that cancer will reappear in another part of the body for example a malignant tumour in the pancreas may reappear in the liver.(Course Notes (2015). PART C: Label the urinary system using the diagram overleaf. (See diagram 3) Explain the structure and function of each element of the Urinary System ? (5 marks) Introduction to Urinary System: Theurinary systemhelps get rid of waste product called urea from the body, which is produced when certain foods are broken down. The whole system includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, two sphincter muscles and the urethra. Urine produced by the kidneys travels down the ureters to the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. The kidney is bean shaped and 11cm long. 25% of the blood that is in circulation goes through the kidneys there are 2 of them and they are reddish brown in colour it is made up of cortex on the outside and the medulla on the inside. Each kidney has on its surface more than a million twisted tubes called nephrons. The function of the kidneys is to filter out waste and toxins, reabsorb nutrients such as glucose and protein and then excrete waste. It is also responsible for osmoregulation which balances water and salts in the blood., Ureter carries urine from the kidney to the bladder and when there is fluid in them it makes the urine flow towards the bladder like the kidney there are 2 of them one attached to each kidney. The walls are thick and are able to contract they are situated between the kidneys and the bladder. Bladder it is a muscular sac like organ situated between ureter and urethra.it can expand when urine goes into it and then contract when urine leaves it. Its function is to store urine and send a message to the brain when it needs to be emptied. Urethra is a narrow tube longer in men that women its function is to take urine from the body to the outside but also takes semen to outside in men.(Course Notes (2015). Draw the structure of a Nephron and explain how it produces urine Diagram 4 ? (Google Images) There are over 2 million nephrons in the kidneys of an adult. (Tucker, 2012) There are a several structures that make up the nephron. The Glomerulus are tiny capillaries that look like a ball of wool and act as sieve where the blood is filtered. The glomerulus is surrounded by the Bowman’s Capsule. The Bowman’s capsule absorbs the material that is filtered from the glomerulus. As a result of the filtration process useful substances flow into the Tubule and from there they are reabsorbed into the bloodstream.The remaining substances in the tubule and any water that is useful is absorbed into the bloodstream. The material that is leftover is 95% water and cannot be used by the body it is called urine and this needs to be eliminated from the body. The urine moves from the tubule to the ureter. see diagram attached on separate sheet Name and explain three diseases / disorders which affect the urinary system ? Kidney Stones: The medical name for stones in the kidneys is Nephrolithiasis. It occurs when a solid mass of material forms together within the renal pelvis, bladder or ureters, After the Kidney stone has formed it will try to pass out in the urine but because of its size it will not be able to do so and this can cause severe pain in the abdomen or groin. There are several procedures to remove or break them down. Depending on the size will determine the treatment required if they are small your GP can give you medication that will reduce the kidney stone in size and then allow them to be passed out in the urine if they are much larger surgery may be required. This condition happens more frequently in men than in women. Urethritis:Is the swelling of the urethra resulting in a very painful discharge of urine sometimes caused by infection. There is 2 types of urethritis Gonococcal and nonspecific urethritis and this is caused by a big number of bacteria, yeast or chlamydia, it is diagnosed by sending a sample of a discharge from the urethra to the lab. Treatment will depend on the cause and appropriate antibiotics would clear the problem. Pyelonephritis is a bacterial or viral infection of the kidney and it can spread if not treated. People most at risk for pyelonephritis are those who have a bladder infection or a problem in the urinary tract. the possible symptoms are painful urination, groin pain, nausea and fever. In most cases the bacterial infection can be treated by antibiotics, it can be diagnosed in a variety of different ways through analysis of a urine sample and looking for the presence of white blood cells and bacteria, and through Ultrasound. http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/kidney-disease/pyelonephritis-kidney-infection/Pages/index.aspx#1 Bibliography/References Tucker, L., 2012. An Introductory Guide to Anatomy Physiology. 4th ed. London: EMS Publishing. John FentonPage 1

Gender and Sexual Identity

Gender and Sexual Identity Stacey Obispo Gender and Sexual Identity Understanding gender and sexual identities and the functions and effects of gender roles is important because it allows one to understand themselves and how to relate to others. The creation of gender identity is a complex process involving biological, cultural, and psychological elements (Yarber Sayad, 2012). A person’s gender identity is the deepest feelings one has about their gender and is expressed by the way they behave feminine, masculine, neither or both (Planned-Parenthood, 2015). For most individuals gender identity is not much of a concern (Yarber Sayad, 2012). Gender roles on the other hand are of much concern to people (Yarber Sayad, 2012). Gender roles tell one how to act as either a man or woman in their culture. In fact, many people question whether they are sufficiently feminine or masculine (Yarber Sayad, 2012). Not only does culture relate to gender identity and gender roles it also relates to sexual identity development. For instance, the world around a person helps shape their sexuality and the ways it is expressed (Yarber Sayad, 2012). Sexual identity is realized in adulthood when one identifies with a sexual identity such as; heterosexual, gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender (Yarber Sayad, 2012). This paper will analyze sexual and gender identity relating to how they evolve throughout ones’ lifespan and influences that contribute to their development. Analysis of; how gender identity contributes to sexual expression, functions and effects of gender/role stereotypes and their effects on relationships will be discussed. Additionally, the author will also contribute final thoughts on what male gender roles should be changed to reflect female roles. Gender and Sexual Identity Evolving through Lifespan When one is born, assignment of gender is given based on anatomical appearance (Yarber Sayad, 2012). This assignment tells others how to respond affecting the individual’s social and cultural development (Yarber Sayad, 2012). As development occurs through early childhood the individual is able to identify themselves as boy or girl based on what is internalized from what others have told them coupled by factors that are not yet understood (Yarber Sayad, 2012). The feeling of either femaleness or maleness is the individual’s gender identity and is developed between the ages of 2 or 3 (Yarber Sayad, 2012). During this stage some children may believe that they can change genders by changing their clothes or hair length (Yarber Sayad, 2012). By the age of 6 or 7 children begin to understand that gender is permanent and it is not something that can be altered or changed by clothes (Yarber Sayad,2012). Gender identity evolves with how we feel and express our gender and gender roles (Yarber Sayad, 2012). These expressions are linked to culture and are expressed through clothing, behavior, and personal appearance (Planned-Parenthood, 2015). Although gender identity is established by seven years of age gender identity expression is communicated and it evolves over time through changes in society and culture (Yarber Sayad, 2012). Different pressures from birth through childhood to conform to ones gender are expressed through learning gender roles (Yarber Sayad, 2012). In infancy throughout childhood a girl may be given dresses to wear, have long hair, and may be prescribed to wear colors such as pink (Yarber Sayad, 2012). Conversely boys may be prescribed to wear pants and blue colors. Parents begin assignment of gender roles based on a child’s gender which shapes the formation of their gender identity (Yarber Sayad, 2012). Parents deploy the use of manipulation from infanc y onward by treating girls gently, telling her she’s pretty (Yarber Sayad, 2012). They tell boys they are strong and tell them that boys do not cry (Yarber Sayad, 2012). Channeling is used by directing children’s attention to objects that are gender specific such as dolls for girls and cars for boys (Yarber Sayad, 2012). Parents during childhood also use verbal appellation to describe the same behavior with different words for boys and girls (Yarber Sayad, 2012). Activity exposure is another way parents expose their children to gender roles (Yarber Sayad, 2012). For instance boys are discouraged from imitating their mothers while girls are encouraged to be there mother’s helper (Yarber Sayad, 2012). Throughout childhood and adolescence teachers and peers are socializing agents that also provide standards for gender-role behavior (Yarber Sayad, 2012). Sexual identity/orientation evolves throughout childhood, adolescence and adulthood. In childhood and early adolescence there is most often sex play or sexual experimentation with members of the opposite sex and same sex (Yarber Sayad, 2012). When these exploratory experiences begin there is uncertainty in terms of sexual orientation (Yarber Sayad, 2012). When late adolescence begins and in young adulthood both male and females are confronted with the importance of developing and establishing intimacy (Yarber Sayad, 2012). The need to be able to develop intimacy places pressure on young adults to conform to a sexual identity and in order to establish intimacy in a relationship one needs to solidify with a sexual orientation (Yarber Sayad, 2012). By late adolescence or young adulthood most individuals develop a heterosexual identity (Yarber Sayad,2012). For those who are attracted to the same sex it can take longer to accept their sexual identity because of societal taboos (Yarbe r Sayad,2012). In middle adulthood individuals may question intimacy and commitment due to divorce (Yarber Sayad, 2012). During this stage some people may reevaluate their sexual identity because one’s philosophy continues to evolve (Yarber Sayad, 2012). Influences Contributing to Gender and Sexual Identity Development Parental influence contributes towards gender and sexual identity development. Gender identity is influenced by gender roles which parents instill in the children from birth through childhood (Yarber Sayad, 2012). Sexual identities are influenced by parents through the child observing their parents behaviors and family dynamics and characteristics (Yarber Sayad, 2012) Peers influence gender identity through providing information about gender role and norms through play activities (Yarber Sayad, 2012). Peers provide standards for gender roles by granting or withholding approval with others by deciding what games to play, what television shows to watch, what types of foods to eat, and what music to listen to. Peers influence sexual identity by passing information about sex to each other (Yarber Sayad, 2012). Furthermore, peer influence places sexual pressure on boys to be sexually active even if they are uninterested or unprepared (Yarber Sayad, 2012). Media influences gender identity through the information they provide on gender roles and perceived norms (Yarber Sayad, 2012; Wood). Females on television are attractive, thin, well groomed and most often under 40 (Wood). In contrast, males are most often aggressive, solve problems and rescue others from danger (Wood). The media influences sexual identity by bombarding adolescents and children with sexual images (Wood). The exposure increases teen’s willingness to experiment with sex (Wood). Religiosity influences gender identity development through information they provide on gender roles and norms (Yarber Sayad, 2012). The information religion provides shapes adolescent sexual behaviors (Yarber Sayad, 2012). This in return influences the choices adolescents and young adults will make regarding their sexual orientation (Yarber Sayad, 2012). Gender Identity and Sexual Expression As mentioned earlier gender roles influence the adaptation of one’s gender identity (Yarber Sayad, 2012). The relationship of gender roles and gender identity is also linked with sexual expression (Yarber Sayad,2012). One will sexually express themselves through gender roles that are learned as well as through social and cultural roles which offer sexual scripts that provide rule, acts, and expectations associated with a particular role (Yarber Sayad,2012). The sexual scripts in American culture strongly influence sexual expression in both men and women. Sexual scripts and gender roles may be different for those that are bisexual, transgender, lesbian and gay (Yarber Sayad, 2012). Sexual scripts organize one’s sexual expression (Yarber Sayad, 2012). There is a cultural component to sexual scripts which emphasizes heterosexuality, places sexual intercourse first, and discourages masturbation (Yarber Sayad, 2012).Within cultural scripts there are specific male and f emale scripts that are encouraged by society to be practiced (Yarber Sayad, 2012). Male sexual scripts include; men should not have or express certain feelings, performance is only what counts, the man is in charge and already know what the woman wants, a man is always ready for sex and wants it, all physical contact leads to sex, all erotic contact leads to sexual intercourse, and sexual intercourse leads to orgasm (Yarber Sayad, 2012). Female sexual scripts include: sex is both good and bad, sex is for men and love is for women, men should know what women want, women should not talk about sex, women should look like models, a man’s desires should be over hers and his orgasm over hers, and only through penile penetration can a woman have an orgasm (Yarber Sayad, 2012). Interpersonal scripts deal with shared conventions and signals expressed by a couple signaling sexual behaviors. Intrapersonal scripts deal with the physiological states that lead to or identify sexual arou sal (Yarber Sayad, 2012). Gender Role Stereotypes There are four different types of gender role stereotypes. The first category of gender role stereotype is personality traits (Planned-Parenthood, 2015). Male gender roles include specific personality traits. For instance in America there are specific personality traits related to the traditional male role. Male gender role traits include; aggressiveness, independence, emotional toughness, feelings of superiority, and decisiveness (Planned-Parenthood, 2015). For females gender role stereotypes include: passivity, compliance, physical attractiveness, and being a wife and mother (Planned-Parenthood, 2015). The second category of gender stereotypes is domestic behaviors (Planned-Parenthood,2015). Males are regarded as being best at doing household repairs while females are regarded as being best at caring for children (Yarber Sayad, 2012). The next category of gender role stereotypes involves occupations (Planned-Parenthood, 2015). Most doctors and construction workers are males and un til recently most secretaries and nurses were female (Planned-Parenthood, 2015). The last category of gender role stereotype is physical appearance (Planned-Parenthood, 2015). Men are expected to be strong, broad shouldered and tall and women are expected to be graceful and small (Planned-Parenthood, 2015). Supporting and Refuting Gender Role Stereotypes Evidence that supports the reason why these gender role stereotypes are fulfilled is presented in the article, What is Stereotype Threat?   (2015). In the article gender role stereotypes are thought to be perpetuated not because one agrees with the gender role rather because one perceives the threat as a risk to conformity which inadvertently leads the individual to self-handicapping strategies that in return preserves the stereotype that was being avoided (â€Å"What is stereotype threat?†). Another reason why gender stereotypes are fulfilled is because of the discomfort they cause the individual. For instance gender role stereotypes can also cause an individual enough discomfort to go against the gender role that they cause the individual to alter or redefine their professional career paths (â€Å"What is stereotype threat?†). Evidence that refutes gender stereotypes is that they do not apply to all ethnicities and socioeconomic classes (â€Å"What is stereotype th reat?†). The majority of research on gender roles has been based on research on White and middle class which are mostly college students (â€Å"What is stereotype threat?†). The roles in other words, are not true to all socioeconomic classes or ethnicities. In addition there is evidence which supports that traditional gender roles are no longer valid because there are new ones which have evolved. Traditional gender role stereotypes are evolving from traditional hierarchical roles to ones that are egalitarian and androgynous (â€Å"What is stereotype threat?†). Additionally, scholars have challenged masculine and feminine gender roles and have found that they are unhealthy and fail to reflect the real world (â€Å"What is stereotype threat?†). Functions of Gender Role Stereotypes The overall functions of these stereotypes is to make multiple associations between gender and other non-sex linked qualities such as strength (male) and affection (female), the next function of gender stereotypes is to is to create a basis for social norm, status, taboos and privileges (Yarber Sayad,2012). The problem with gender role functions is that they categorize people and undervalue the uniqueness of individuals (Yarber Sayad,2012). Gender Roles: Affecting Relationships and Sexual Interactions Gender roles affect relationships because they aid in creating sexual scripts for both males and females (Yarber Sayad,2012). These roles are then telling both male and females how to behave in their relationships and what sexual script each should adhere to (Yarber Sayad,2012). The sexual script in return tells each gender how to participate in sexual acts (Yarber Sayad,2012). Conclusion Gender role attitudes and behaviors of the male sex I would like to see become more like my own include men looking like models and being constantly attractive. I think if this same standard was mentioned or even enforced culturally and by media standards there just may be consensus between both males and females that such standards are not ideal and is ridiculous. Another gender role stereotype that would be nice to see in the male sex is for men to become nurturers. It would be nice to see more males make sacrifices for the partner’s careers or the children’s needs even if it may inconvenience them form what they may want . The on taking of this role may help make roles androgynous. The final role behavior I would like to see more like my own is for males to be caregivers of children. Men becoming caregivers of children may allot women more opportunities within the workplace because they have the peace of mind knowing their counterpart is taking care of their child. References Planned-Parenthood. (2015). Sexual orientation and gender are fundamental parts of who we are. Retrieved from http://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/sexual-orientation-gender What is stereotype threat? (2015). Retrieved from http://www.reducingstereotypethreat.org/definition.html Wood, J. T. (n.d.). The influence of media on views of gender. Retrieved from http://www.udel.edu/comm245/readings/GenderedMedia.pdf Yarber, W., Sayad, B., Strong, B. (2012). Human sexuality: Diversity in contemporary America. (8th ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill.

Understanding The Demanding Emotional Health Work Social Work Essay

Understanding The Demanding Emotional Health Work Social Work Essay The aim of this assignment is to discuss the contribution of medical, sociological and psychological models to understanding emotional health and examine the impact of race, class and gender on emotional health. Furthermore the assignment will discuss appropriate theories to understanding the emotional health linking them to race in case study one. According to World Health Organisation, 2005 Mental health and mental well being are fundamental to the quality of life and productivity of individuals, families, communities and nations, enabling people to experience life as meaningful and to be creative and active citizens. Hales ( ) defines emotional health as the ability to express, acknowledge how one feels, their moods and be in a position to adapt to situations and be compassionate to others. The medical model views the diseases as coming from outside and invading the body, causing changes within the body. It can also originate as internal, involuntary physical changes caused by chemical imbalances and can also be genetic (Nolan 2009). This model considers the mental malfunction of schizophrenia to be a consequence of chemical and physical changes in the brain. Environmental factors may be the causation of illness, but the disorder might still be influenced by hereditary factors (Tyrer and Steinberg 2008). The abnormal behaviour in an individual is a result of physical conditions such as brain damage, meningitis and others. The treatment given is aimed at controlling the root cause of the disease by changing the individuals biochemistry. This approach does not account for the occasions this evidence can be found in mental disorders such as such bipolar and unipolar depression and schizophrenia. The sociological model of health places more emphasis on the individuals environmental, social and economic causes of disease rather than solely focusing on the biological aspect (Duggan 2002). The socio-cultural aspect refers to the role socio-cultural environments play in a given psychological phenomenon such as parental and peer influence in the behaviours or characteristics of an individual. Social factors encompass a discrete subject matter because, as collective representations, they are independent of psychological and biological phenomena, although we have individual actions, thoughts and feelings we tend to live our lives through institutions: family, corporation, church, school and nights (Hadden 1997 p 105). The Psychological model suggests that human behaviour is strongly affected by experiences from childhood and also that behaviour is the result of interaction between the conscious and the unconscious (Nolan 2009). Mind (2010) points out that cannabis may cause psychological effects that lead to psychotic experiences such hallucination, depersonalisation and paranoid ideas. Rack (1982, p. 124) points out that Cannabis is readily available throughout the Caribbean and the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent its use is not restricted to any particular age-group. In support of this point Cockerham (2007) observes that living in a household with both parents who smoke or having a spouse who smokes can promote smoking behaviours. A psychological model is based on the assumption that conscious thought mediates an individuals emotional state or behaviour in response to stimulus. The model suggests that people may create their own problems through interpretation. The psychological model will look a lot deeper into the individuals and not merely the symptoms in which they are showing. It suggests that our thought may cause the disturbances or it may indeed by the disturbances causing our thought. The model refers to the role that cognition and emotions play in any given psychological phenomenon, such as the effects of mood, beliefs and expectation on an individuals reaction to the event. The biological aspects refer to the role of the prenatal environment on brain development and cognitive abilities or the influence of genes on individuals dispositions (Rogers and Pilgrim 2000). Hatty (2000) in Barack (2006) observes that Gender refers to nature and the psychological, social, and cultural components that summarizes the leading ideas about feminine and masculine characteristics and behaviours dominating in any society at one time. According to Pilgrim (2009) gender is a social description. Rogers and Pilgrim (2005) points out that men are prone to be involved in antisocial behaviour and can be categorised as dangerous and criminally deviant, which leads to their removal. The idea of danger to society is always attributed to men than women. There is evidence to propose that men are often sectioned under Mental Health Act 1983 and referred to psychiatric hospitals by the police under section 136 removal to a place of safety. Men are more likely to be hand cuffed and detained in cells more than women (Rogers (1990) cited in Rogers and Pilgrim 2000). Gove (1984) in Rogers and Pilgrim (2005) shows that there is now a general consensus among social scientists that women experience more psychological distress than men and that this is largely due to aspects of their societal roles. Another view point is that, throughout the life span women report greater psycho-social malaise than men and the gap between sexes increases in older people with self-reported factors like depression, worry, sleep disturbances and feelings of strain. There have used the societal role to explain why women experience psychological distress than men. Womens unstructured roles tend to be more domestic than men which contribute to their vulnerability to mental distress because they have time to dwell on their problems (Blaxter (1990) cited in Rogers and Pilgrim 2005). Womens natural disposition is known to be maternal, caring, passive and home centred. Their inferiority, instability and lack of control are increased as their biology takes over (Jones 1994). WHO (2010) states that while childbearing and motherhood are often positive and fulfilling experiences, for many women these are associated with suffering, ill-health and even death. The estimation of illness is different between men and women, the peak age for men is 15-24 and for women is between 25 and 34. According to Rogers (1990) cited in Rogers and Pilgrim (2000) Class remains a predictable correlate of mental ill health. Basically the poorer a person is the more likely they are to have a mental health problem. A class gradient is evident in mental health status across the bulk of the diagnostic groups but it is not a neat inverse relationship. For example affective disorders are not diagnosed evenly in all social classes whereas a very strong correlation exists between low social class and the diagnosis of schizophrenia. In the case of depression and anxiety the underlying assumption has been clearer cut, perhaps because minor morbidity is less strongly identifiable as biologically derived illness (Jones 1994). They found a complex relationship of social class to anxiety and depression linked to changing employment status they furthermore examined three different ways of describing social position: income; social advantage and lifestyle; and social class. Poor accommodation produces stress reactions in inhabitants (Hunt 1990; Hyndman 1990). Social and environmental causes are those factors around us such as where we live, whether we have strong family support networks, our place of work and how and where we can relax (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2004). Social class is one of the determinants of health which includes; wealth, culture, background, family, financial constraints, accommodation and lifestyle WHO (2010). According to Barak et al race is socially defined by a collection of traits such as; physical characteristics, culture and religion, national origin and language. King et al (1994) and other authors cited in Kaye and Lingiah (2000) states that there is evidence that, with the intervention of the police and social services, African -Caribbean people are more likely to be admitted to psychiatric hospitals compared to whites. There is a belief that African-Caribbean people are not provided with preventive and supportive measures before there is a crisis, but when the crisis starts and escalates the emergency services get involved which leads to compulsory admission (Bhuil et al (1998) and other authors cited in Kaye and Lingiah 2000). Rogers 1990 in (Rogers and Pilgrim 2005) states that Afro-Caribbean people are found to be less frequently referred by relatives or neighbours but by strangers and passers-by of other ethnic groups. In support of the above statement Reiner 1996 in Rogers a nd Pilgrim (2005) suggests that there is a process of transmitted discrimination in the way in which black peoples behaviour is viewed which is interpreted in a more negative way. Furthermore the Department of Health (DH 2005) states that the black and minority ethnic groups who live in England are deprived of the quality of mental health care that they need. Black and minority ethnic patients are more likely than the white British to be detained compulsorily, to be admitted to hospital rather than treated in the community, to be subject to measures like seclusion in hospital, and to come into contact with services through the criminal justice system. This leads to a vicious circle of BME people refraining from seeking care early in their illness. According to Rogers and Pilgrim (2005) most blacks including African-Caribbean people who live in the inner cities suffer from recurrent racism and are over represented in psychiatric records. Looking at what the medical model says and comparing to Daniels behaviour, it may be suggested that he was suffering from schizophrenia which is more dominant in African Caribbean people, which could have been caused by substance abuse. Royal College of Psychiatrists (2004) states that there is a causal relation between substance misuse, particularly alcohol, cannabinoids, hallucinogens, and stimulants (such as amphetamines), can produce psychotic symptoms directly without mental illness. They may also precipitate psychotic disorders among people with a predisposition. Kaye and Lingiah (2000) points out that African Caribbean people have a higher rate of admissions for schizophrenia and effective psychosis compared to their white counterparts. Hales (2010-2011) states that social health refers to the ability to interact effectively with other people and the social environment in order to develop satisfying interpersonal relationships and fulfil social roles. Looking at the changes in Daniels behaviour it may be suggested that it was down to living on his own, lack of support, change of environment and financial problems. Frederick 1991 in Rogers and Pilgrim (2005) observes that the various factors identified by Afro-Caribbean mental health users are; coping with adolescence and education system; building up relationships and then dashes their expectations; growing up in a hostile environment with few positive images of black people, parental and with British white cultural input leading to confusion and conflict over identity. Argyle (1994) states that there is a theory that failing to learn correct social skills during the early stages of life can contribute to social rejection there by cause one to fail to cope with life events and can cause anxiety, depression or other symptoms. Hales (2010-2011) points out that those who are psychologically fit normally share the following characteristics: they have high self-esteem and aim towards happiness and fulfilment, they establish and maintain close relationships, they accept their own limitations in life and they feel a sense of meaning and purpose of life. Daniel started neglecting himself and acting on the voices that he heard, which may be suggested he had a problem with his psychological well-being. African Caribbean people are likely to be offered physical treatments, strong medication and not likely to be offered psychotherapy and counselling. In conclusion analysing approaches to health and illness in terms of medical versus a social model henceforth the medical model is a key concept in both medical sociology and medical anthropology (Chang and Christakis 2002). A lack of social support also can be due to social stigma which is the main reason why mental peoples social network becomes narrow. Also because of schizophrenias pervasive effects on daily functioning a range of psychosocial approaches has been developed to improve emotional and psychological well-being.