Petals - 1976 Words

Carla McCallum Assignment 1- Roles and Responsibilities The key aspects of legislation, regulatory requirements and codes of practise in my own role and responsibilities are: †¢ Health and safety at work act 1974 This act was put in place so that their was an order of practise when working and an order in which things should be done to protect everyone within each workplace or in general a place. †¢ Equality Act 2010 The equality act was put in place so that the following characteristics are protected. So in my area for example it protects boys getting treated better than girls as we have to treat everybody the same regardless of the following. age disability gender reassignment marriage and civil partnership pregnancy†¦show more content†¦Race : Which includes ethnic, national origins, colour and nationality. Sex: Whether my Students are male or female. Sexual Orientation: Gay, lesbian or bisexual. Disability: Able bodied, All lims etc Religion or Beliefs: Christianity or other religion. Gender reassignment: Support a student if they had to make a life hanging decision. The Equality act gives increased protection for everybody against discrimination. Ofstead look for diversities to be acknowledged in the classroom being they need to be actively celebrated. As a teacher I would do this by providing for different types of learners in my lesson plan and making sure that everything in my classroom and working area are accessible to every student but without making it into a big deal. As a teacher, and head of all my learners, I need to make sure i use correct language and make sure that I don t stereotype. I also need to make sure I have a plan in place so that if any of my students have any inappropriate conversations or remarks it is dealt with. My role and responsibilities are essential for having a succesfull teaching practice. I need to impart my knowledge and make sure i follow the requirements of the examining bodies. My role and responsibilities will always be changing and developing. Making sure I am aware of different learning styles, such as kinesthetic, auditory, visual stages, different deliveryShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Fairy Girl 974 Words   |  4 Pagesfar away there lived a girl named June. June lived with her mother and father. Every day, June and her mother would go out and find new flowers to look at and to see and eventually sell. June’s mother s favorite flower was a petal flower and the only place that had the petal flower was by the Witch s’ house. Once in awhile June and her mother would go out and try to see the flower without getting caught by the mean old Witch. While June and her mom went flower hunting her father would go out andRead MoreBuilding A Strong Faith Community Essay933 Words   |  4 Pagesimages depicted using only flower petals. On Sunday morning, in celebration of the feast of Corpus Christi, the bishop carries the Blessed Sacrament in procession, walking on the flower carpet. Inspired by the beauty of Infioratae around the world, interested students, teachers, and parents created a simpler version of the floral carpet. In the early morning hours of June 5, members of the St. Timothy School Mission Commission assembled to place floral petals onto an outline of the Sacred HeartRead MoreWriting : The Learning Experience971 Words   |  4 Pagesup to Britt. Ok get on the bike then I will push you off. And you push forward on the petals to move. Britt explained. I hopped on the bike, one foot on the ground, the other on the petal. Britt stared to push forward. There was a little wobbling but not a lot. Britt stared to speed up, and then with one more step she pushed me forward. The wobbling increased, it got harder to push on the petals, I started to regret doing this, Ok, Crystal start to turn to the left! Dad yelled. IRead MoreThe Story Of A Cottage968 Words   |  4 PagesIn a cottage far far away there lived a girl named June. June lived with her mother and father. Every day, June and her mother would go out and find new flowers to look at and to see. June’s mother s favorite flower was a petal flower and the only place that had the petal flower was by the Witch s’ house. Once in awhile June and her mother would go out and try to see the flower without getting caught by the mean old Witch. While June and her mom went flower hunting her father would go out and tryRead MoreI Chose Roses And Birds Number 5 By Kiki Smith Essay983 Words   |  4 Pagesappreciated the artist’s use of Nepalese paper as her canvas. Unlike Kiki Smith’s piece, I wasn’t immediately drawn to Ornaments. The metal, while shiny, looked cold and hard. The piece is a floral arrangement, but looking at it I couldn’t envision the soft petals of flowers. Once I put aside my personal feelings and started observing the piece from the stand point of my Art Appreciation class, I can see the effort and elements the artist must have used. That is why I chose it as my contrast for this paperRead MorePerfume Out of Rose Petals5375 Words   |  22 Pagesperfume? 3. How many people will agree/ disagree to the essence of the researchers perfume? II. Hypothesis The perfume might be fun by the buyers. They had the comparison between the different amount of the fragrance of Rose petals. It might not have the same as the branded perfumes that can last almost one day but it will be different to the other commercial perfumes at malls. III. Scope and Delimitation of the Investigation The investigation willRead MoreGumamela Petals as Dishwashing Liquid2070 Words   |  9 PagesGumamela Petals as Dishwashing Liquid: The Effectiveness of Gumamela Petals in Removing Stains and Grease An Official Requirement in Research II Rico Emmanuel A. Pineda Arnieca Lulu Kim R. Mamayson Jhunaiza C. Santos Researchers Mr. Lucky Sonny A. Ligsanan Research Adviser I. Introduction Washing dishes is one of the major house chores our parents are facing every day. One of hardest part of washing dishes are the tough stains and grease that is all over the common kitchenRead MorePetals of Blood by Ngugi wa Thiongo1683 Words   |  7 Pages In the novel Petals of Blood by NgÃ… ©gÄ © wa Thiongo, the post-colonial political tone is subtle yet evident as each character tells his story of where he comes from and how he has struggled. In the historical text Kenya: Between Hope and Despair, the political views are openly displayed as the text explains the political violence caused by the need for independence. Africa is a continent broken down into many small countries, and this has led to many struggles politically as well as developmentallyRead MoreJapanese Poetry: Haiku661 Words   |  3 Pagescompares the faces of individuals to the likeness of petals on a damp bough. The use of the petals and the nature of their wetness is imagery in use to the comparison to huma n life. Petals are parts of a flower that are aesthetically valued. This aspect is used to bring into view the fact that life is both elegant and beautiful. To express the endless hope and potential that is held in human life just as is expressed by the presence of the petals of a flower. The use of â€Å"dark wet bough† is a signalRead MoreMath And Nature : Fibonacci Sequence1110 Words   |  5 Pages Another specific example is the petals of some flowers. Daisies are a good example for the Fibonacci sequence because they can be found with thirty-four, fifty-five, or eighty-nine petals. Each of these three numbers are in sequential order in the Fibonacci Sequence. Lily flowers and Iris flowers both have three petals. Buttercups, Larkspur, and Pinks are flowers that all have five petals. Aster and Chicory are some of the flowers that contain twenty-one petals. These examples are each flower that

A Journey With Alzheimer s Disease - 1173 Words

A harrowing, poignant account of caring for not only one, but two Alzheimer’s patients, Slow Dancing with a Stanger Lost and Found in the Age of Alzheimer’s is a first hand experience with Alzheimer’s disease that leaves the reader moved, intrigued, and a little worried about what is to come with the aging process. The book is not an easy read as it gives a very unromantic summation of being a caretaker to a person with Alzheimer’s disease. Meryl Cromer, the author and caretaker in the novel, was a very ambitious woman for her time. She had a career in television and spent more than 30 years in broadcast journalism. She married her husband, Harvey Gralnick, in 1978. Both of their careers were flourishing; however, their marriage was not.†¦show more content†¦He would crash his car leading Cromer to disconnect his car battery, urinate in public, and ultimately lose his job. In contrast, Gralnick, in his heyday, was a prominent physician focusing in oncology and hematology at the National Institute of Health. He is known on an international scale for his groundbreaking research in leukemia. As the disease progressed, He spent three months degeneration was fast. He became increasingly forgetful and was soon unable to do basic tasks for himself. Harvey was incontinent, unable to bathe himself, unable to feed himself, and sometimes even abusive. These symptoms are very common for those with Alzheimer’s disease many patients also experience lack of sleep (Whitbourne, 2011, p. 103). He even went as far as to knock a few of Meryl’s teeth out. It was therefore up to Meryl to meet these needs in the book, which is quite a tall order in terms of caregiving. This demand caused her social and work life that was once vibrant and bustling to diminish to nearly nothing. She also had to cater to her husband’s outburst in addition to caring for his daily needs. She would set up mirrors in the house in order to see when he was coming so that she would not be taken by surprise. The caregiver burden, a term used to define the stress that caregivers endure, is very evident in Meryl’s case (Whitbourne, 2011, p.

Development of Cleaner Carbon Technologies - 945 Words

Private agreements are essential for the disruption of private interest groups domestically. They provide collaboration, direct access to foreign markets and the right economic incentive. In October 2013 Duke Energy and ENN group proposed a private agreement to invest in renewable energy by developing solar farms within China. They have agreed to join together instead of competing, there is evidence international cooperation is increasing competitively. Other groups have proposed the exchange of carbon capture and storage information with the knowledge of safe and efficient nuclear plant management. This information being a national security issue has to be approved by the US government it provides leverage to isolate and disrupt domestic interest groups. Internationally, the United States can provide channels to broker thee agreements. More directly the U.S should attempt to collaborate directly with china in the development of cleaner carbon technologies. The best area for collaboration is the building of a carbon capture and storage system. On a smaller scale models this technology has managed to capture up to 90% of carbon dioxide emissions from coal powered plants. The CO2 is collected, transported and buried in used oil fields. The CCS project has not been demonstrated on full power plants due to its immense cost. Although it can be argued that this only defers the pollution problem, due to the immense cost of alternative energies it is a reasonable compromise. TheShow MoreRelatedPollution Prevention ( P2 )1750 Words   |  7 Pageseliminated from the production process (Ashby, 2013). Dry Cleaning Points According to Sinshelmer, Grout, Namkoong, Gottlieb, Latif (2007), states that 85% of all dry cleaners operating within the United States uses Perchloroethylene (PCE) as the foremost cleaning agent in the clothing maintenance industry. They also mention that dry cleaners have become abundant in cities and towns. Furthermore, indications are developing of adverse health and environmental impacts, which is being connected with PCE useRead MoreClimate Change Policy Memo1545 Words   |  7 Pagesintensive states, the loss of income and unemployment that the adoption of cleaner technologies might bring is a big concern. Creating funds to aid them in the transition is not as important as shedding light in the opportunities that the modernization of the coal industry can yield. Coal and other fossil fuels will not be displaced in the short term as renewables are still beyond the required reliability, but investing in cleaner coal is feasible and can have a high return, helping boost a stag nant industryRead MoreEssay On Carbon Credit1630 Words   |  7 Pages WHAT ARE CARBON CREDITS? A Carbon Credit is a tradable certificate or license representing the right to discharge one tonne of carbon dioxide or any other Greenhouse Gases. One Carbon Credit allows up to one tonne of carbon dioxide or any Greenhouse Gases to be discharged in air. Figure 6: Diagrammatical representations of working of CERs Carbon Credit creates market for reducing Greenhouse emissions by giving an economic value to the cost of polluting the air. Kyoto Protocol hasRead MoreContribution Of Technology On Sustainability1595 Words   |  7 PagesContribution of technology to Sustainability Introduction Our dependence on technology to solve environmental problems around the word is really significant, owing to the universal ignorance to make the social, economic and political changes that are deemed to be necessary to reduce growth in production and consumption. Yet again the amount, kind and nature of technological changes required to counteract the growing environmental damage caused by increases in production, consumption and other humanlyRead MoreWhy British Columbia Should Continue Gradually Increase Price On Carbon Tax1245 Words   |  5 Pagessearching for solution to combat climate change. In 2008 British Columbia introduced carbon tax on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to reduce global warming. Starting from $10 per tonne of CO2, the price was increasing annually till it reached $30 per tonne in 2012. During that period British Columbia was reducing harmful emissions and improving economy comparing to the rest of Canada. However, since the price rise on carbon stopped in 2 012, no improving changes in cutting emissions, economy, and overallRead MoreSadasfsaf1327 Words   |  6 PagesThe Future Energy of Hong Kong: Reliable, Affordable and Low Carbon Information Pack Background of BEC EnviroSeries Conference Business Environment Council (BEC) is an independent, membership-based non-profit organisation, founded by the business sector over 20 years ago. The EnviroSeries is BEC’s flagship conference that stages twice a year with the aim of providing a forum for government officials, business leaders, academics, industry practitioners and international experts to discuss andRead MoreNew Generation Of Clean Transport1527 Words   |  7 Pages Nowadays most important objective concerning future road technologies is to create cleaner vehicles, which would be more efficient and reduce emissions. There are a lot of new engine concepts, as well as cleaner fuel types that are being developed in order to create new generation of clean transport. Here are the most promising technologies that can truly make a difference. Electric engines might be one of the main means of cleaner transport. Engines running on electricity do not produce exhaustRead MoreCoal Is A Fossil Fuel1555 Words   |  7 Pagesprovides energy to be used for multiple purposes, provides many jobs, and supplies the U.S. with a strong export. People in America are unaware of what coal actually is, what it is used for, and what kind of jobs it supplies in the United States. Carbon gives coal most of its energy. Coal is made from peat, which is material that is formed from plants that have accumulated at the bottom of swampy areas. As peat is buried by sedimentary rock and sandstone, moisture is squeezed out of it, and as itRead MorePollution Of The Air During The United States1321 Words   |  6 Pagesadequately kept pace with the increase in miles driven. As a result cars and trucks are still the largest single source of air pollution in most urban areas accounting for more than one quarter of emissions of smog-forming pollutants nationwide. Carbon monoxide, ozone, particulate matter, and the other forms of pollution listed above can cause smog and other air quality concerns, but there are vehicular emissions that contribute to a completely different pollution issue: global warming. The gasesRead MoreIs Fracking Safe?1026 Words   |  5 Pagesday, there is always room for improvement in regards to our overall carbon footprint as a nation. Natural gas burns much cleaner than coal and oil, helping reduce this carbon footprint which is our overall input of carbon based waste into the atmosphere. Scientific studies have discovered that natural gas contains 25% less carbon than oil when burned as an energy source. In addition to that, natural gas contains 50% less carbon than coal when burned as an energy source and this type of emission reduction

The Steroids Epidemic Essay - 999 Words

What is the first thing that comes to mind when steroids are discussed? Is it positive? Negative? What comes to mind for me is the vision of an extremely large man with bulging muscles like we see in bodybuilding competitions. These types of images are becoming extremely commonplace in society today, and also increasingly disturbing considering just a few short years ago the ‘bodybuilder’s body’ was just a niche in the sports world. But what drove this movement? There is no way to possibly limit this phenomenon into one single cause, but rather I can hazard a guess as to what I believe may be at the root of this ideal change. America, since the time it was founded, has grown increasingly confident in itself. This mindset has†¦show more content†¦They are abused by both athletes and non-athletes in an attempt to â€Å"enhance performance and/or physical appearance† (â€Å"NIDA InfoFacts: Steroids (Anabolic-Androgenic)†, 2009). Steroids, typic ally taken orally or by injection, are used in â€Å"cycles† where a user takes steroids for a period of time, then stops for another length of time and then the pattern continues. Steroids are considered very dangerous, fickle substances that have the potential to mess up the user’s bodily functions if care is not taken while on them. Steroids come with three different types of risks/side effects that include: mental health, addictive potential and physical dangers. Steroids have immediate effects on the brain of a user as soon as they begin taking them. As soon as steroids are introduced into the user’s system, they â€Å"[bind to the] androgen (male sex hormone) and estrogen (female sex hormone) receptors on the surface of a cell.† Studies have suggested that â€Å"steroids may contribute to psychiatric dysfunction, paranoid jealousy, extreme irritability, delusions, and impaired judgment stemming from feelings of invincibility† (â€Å"NIDA Inf oFacts: Steroids (Anabolic-Androgenic)†, 2009). These mental side effects also contribute to the growing narcissistic nature of steroid users, where they feel invincible, that no one is better than them, orShow MoreRelatedThe Increasing Epidemic of Steroids621 Words   |  3 Pages Steroids As the popularity of sports continues to increase in society, so has the use of performance enhancing drugs, primarily anabolic steroids. Anabolic steroids increase the amount of testosterone in the body which allows for increased muscular development. These drugs have been known to be used in all kinds of different sports. Athletes will use these drugs to try to please fans, receive a large contract, and to try to keep up with the players who are already using these drugs. This is creatingRead MoreEssay on The Epidemic of Steroid Abuse in America1711 Words   |  7 PagesThe Epidemic of Steroid Abuse in America We as a people are preoccupied with the notion of greatness. Our role models are athletes, actors and actresses, and other figures in the public eye. Many of us often desire to be better off than our current state; to look better, to be in better shape, etc†¦ We compete with each other for jobs, for mates, for grades, for parking spots, and in sporting activities. This competitive nature is a way of life, especially in sporting activities, often learnedRead MoreIn The August 8Th And 15Th Issue Of The New Yorker, Mark1463 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing attacked. With over a half of million people coming to Rio De Janiero for the games one questioned struggled to be answered. Olympics organizers were faced with a challenge on how to keep both athletes and tourist safe and healthy from a major epidemic. Typically, with a high tourist rates come with the risk of injuries or infection. The Zika virus was one that many was not sure how to control and keep the safety of everyone first. The Zika virus is spread through infected mosquitos, pregnant mothersRead MorePrimary Factors Of Visceral Fat Deposition And Cardiometabolic Outcomes740 Words   |  3 Pagesinducing insulin resistance in the liver and in the skeletal muscle.74 Other possibly important key players are gonadal steroids. Indeed, very informative metabolic studies conducted in transsexual subjects have documented the remarkable influence of steroid hormones on body fat distribution and related cardiometabolic risk. Female to male transsexual patients receiving appropriate steroid hormone replacement therapy were found to lose gluteal- femoral fat and gain visceral adipose tissue, whereas theRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Abuse On Sports779 Words   |  4 Pagesin sports. I have found many topics to talk about and the first one I have chosen to write about is steroids in sports. I wanted to choose this topic because I’m a very athletic person myself and I thought that this topic is perfect for me, I found my research on www.health.ny.gov/publications/1210/ and from here this is how I got all my information from. Many athletes now a days are taking steroids, why is that? Is it to make a squad, or impress a member of the opposite sex? There really isn tRead MoreEssay On Server Acute Respiratory Syndrome996 Words   |  4 Pagesunknown to many scientists occurred. The epidemic’s origin was in Guangdong province of southern China in 2002, where the first cases of SARS are recorded. SARS is classed as a global health threat by the World Health Organization and in 2003; an epidemic killed approximately 774 people in the countries of Canada, Hong Kong, Taiwan, China, Singapore, Thailand and the United Kingdom before it was successfully contained. (Who.int, 2017) This is due to the effective mode of transmission used by the virusRead MoreObesity in America909 Words   |  4 Pagesattention as the cause for American obesity, there are certainly many more issues with the food we eat everyday other than it being too sweet. Livestock are injected with hormones and steroids to produce bigger and â€Å"better† meat. Almost all American beef is injected with steroids; commonly 6 different anabolic steroids are used in an individual cow and another variety of hormones and antibiotics. While it is impossible to narrow down the exact cause, studies have shown that when pregnant women ateRead MoreWhat Steroids Can Do To Your Body781 Words   |  3 Pagesof competition. Nowadays, cheating has become an epidemic that is being spread in all sorts of forms such as winning, looks, and even school. People often feel inadequate when they cannot live up to standards set by a mainstream society. People look to things that they believe are quick fixes to their problem. Often times people come to the conclusion that steroids is this quick fix that will help them get out of the dilemma that they are in. Steroids are a tool that helps enhances the body’s rateRead More The Use of Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports Essay1148 Words   |  5 Pagesof the development of anaboli c steroids: a group of powerful synthetic chemical compounds that resemble the natural male sex hormones (Schwarzenneger 722). Anabolic steroids were first developed in the 1930s as a therapeutic drug to treat growth hormone replacement in deficient children, menopausal symptoms, impotence, and the retardation of the effects of aging by stimulating the rate of synthesis of protein molecules (Biology 121 Web Project 1). These steroids are a simulated testosteroneRead MoreSteroids and Their Affects on the Human Body Essay1201 Words   |  5 PagesSteroids and Their Affects On The Human Body Drugs have been used in sports almost as long as sports themselves have been around. The ancient Incas discovered that the ashes from burned leaves of the Coca tree gave the people great stores of energy, and made sleep unnecessary for hours or even days, it was later discovered to be the stimulant cocaine. They would take it before long hunts, battles, and even found it useful in ancient sport competitions. It wasnt until 1886 that the first drug-related

Evaluating Areas of Knowledge Free Essays

Music can affect us in many ways. It can evoke emotion or bring back a long-forgotten memory. It is present in nearly every aspect of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluating Areas of Knowledge or any similar topic only for you Order Now Anywhere you travel, you come into contact with music. Whether it is on the radio in the car, in the supermarket, or on television, there is no escaping the constant presence of music. Music is composed for various reasons and purposes. Sometimes, composers are compelled to create a musical work to express their emotions, or even opinions. Music is also created to express the cultural aspects. Since there are so many reasons music is created and purposes it is used for, how is it possible to know music and in what ways can music be known? According to the International Baccalaureate Theory of Knowledge, there are several specific ways of knowing that allow knowledge claims to be evaluated. The infinitive, to know, can be evaluated by using reason, language, perception, and emotion. All of these ways can be utilized when evaluating the claim â€Å"I know this music. † Also, most of these mentioned ways of knowing can be applied to other areas of knowledge besides the arts. To begin, knowing music can be evaluated by using reason as logic. Obviously, if someone where to make this claim, he could simply be referring to the fact that he had heard it before. But logically, looking on a deeper level, the claim could mean that he had played through the music before. Often when musicians play a piece of music, or especially when it is performed, it has greater meaning to them and allows them to know it more intimately. When playing a piece of music, artists can put their own personal feeling into it. They can vary certain aspects such as tempo and phrasing. Not only does playing music speak to a listening audience, it speaks to the artist. This makes playing music a very psychological process, as it evokes certain feelings from listener and performer. Very gifted musicians are sometimes able to merely look at a piece of music, to analyze each note and rhythm, and be able to claim they know the piece. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was able to know music in this way. He would compose entire symphonies and concertos entirely in his mind before ever writing them down. And when he did write them down, he never changed a note. Mozart never had to physically hear a piece of music to know what it sounded like; he could hear it in his mind. Likewise, this was true for Beethoven, who composed and conducted his ninth symphony after becoming deaf. This process of knowing occurs on a much more intellectual level then actually playing music. However, both methods present knowledge of music. Besides using reason as logic, one can also consider the reason in the purpose of music in order to fully know it. Music is usually always created for some purpose. Composers are inspired and feel compelled to express their creativity. However, despite the composer’s initial purpose for the music, its purpose to society may become completely different. For instance, many early classical composers were hired by courts and forced to compose music for the king. Often they would just write so as to get paid and to save themselves from poverty or execution. They would never have imagined that their music would, hundreds of years later, be listened to in the homes of middle class amilies as their children fervently practice the current assignment from the piano teacher. Music can be written to express opinions of society, culture, and authority. The popular rapper Eminem, constantly criticized for his outspokenness, articulates his views through his controversial lyrics. Similarly, the members of the heavy metal band Rage Against the Machine are known for their radical views of government and ha ve even been arrested several times for protesting on the steps of the capital. Rage uses their music to communicate their opinions and speak to others who feel the same. Altogether, the purpose of music can be used to evaluate how it is known. Next, the claim can also be evaluated by analyzing certain aspects of language. Semantics is a term often applied to the study of meaning in language. In order to study language, one needs to consider two aspects of language: denotation and connotation. Denotation can be thought of as the way in which a word is defined, as in the dictionary. Connotation, on the other hand, is thought of as the color of the word, or what it implies. Therefore, according to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, the definition of the verb ‘to know’ is: to perceive directly, or have direct cognition of, to have understanding of, to recognize the nature of, to recognize as being the same as something previously known, to be acquainted or familiar with, or to have experience of. The denotation of a word is very straightforward and differs from the connotation in that it lacks emotion. For example, when trying to explain love to a child, it does no good to give them a dictionary definition. On the other hand, the connotation of knowing can be explained in countless ways. For example, the word can infer that there is a strong emotional connection, whether it be positive or negative. The connotation also involves many other areas other than just the word, such as the tone of voice it is said in, or the context in which it is placed. When evaluating a claim, one cannot fully depend on a single aspect of semantics. Both denotation and connotation need to be taken into account in order to evaluate knowledge claims. In addition, perception is another way of knowing. Perception varies between all individuals. Perception makes each person unique. Therefore, it is difficult to make a generalized statement about perception besides the fact that it can drastically change the way identical events are interpreted. Perception can be influenced by many different factors such as culture, economic status, and religion. These factors can be described as filters through which the world is perceived. When applied to a knowledge claim, perception mainly varies between individuals’ views of what it means to know something. Take, for instance, the individual making the knowledge claim, â€Å"I know this music. One person’s perception of what it means to know could vary from the perception of the person being told. The only way to bridge this gap in perception, is to become tolerant of others’ views. Applied to others areas of knowledge, these ways of analyzing knowledge claims are valid yet sometimes irrelevant. For instance, the methods work for theoretical, language, and creativity based areas such as politics and the arts. However, when applied to more factual areas like mathematics and the natural sciences, the above methods are not suitable. For these areas, processes such as proofs and the scientific method are used. How to cite Evaluating Areas of Knowledge, Papers

Globalization & Diversification Strategy A Managerial Perspective

Questions: 1. How and who makes strategy at the corporate level? How companies with multi business Model formulate their strategies and what they target in their strategies 2. Why companies integrate horizontally? What are the advantages and disadvantages? If you are in a single industry, how you formulate your strategy as against being in multi industry environment 3. Why companies integrate vertically? When they do both vertical and horizontal integration and why?4. What is strategic outsourcing and alternative to vertical integration? Why companies choose this route compared to vertically integrate. Is there any financial or other reason for it? 5. Why and when companies diversify? 6. How companies decide to diversify in related or unrelated industries and why? 7. When diversification go wrong? How companies misread their business, industry and their capabilities in diversification? 8. Why companies acquire other companies and why they enter other industry. Answers: 1. How and who makes strategy at the corporate level? How companies with multi business Model formulate their strategies and what they target in their strategies Corporate-level strategies address the whole scope of strategy for the enterprise. This strategy includes the decision by which service or product competes in a region. It is associated with multi-business plans, resource allocation; staffing and other resources are allocated. The corporate-level strategies have been decided by the inputs from business-level managers (Rothaermel 2015). Corporate with multi-business models work a lot to formulate their strategies. Managers attend business-level strategies and brainstorming sessions to choose the right initiatives for the organization. Corporate level strategies are maligned with the interests and operations of a particular line of business. To formulate strategies various product lines of a single company are merged together and wok as a single body which is known as Strategic Business Unit. Three models are used to formulate strategies by most of the organizations. These are Porters generic model, Miles, Snows model, and Product Life Cycle model. They target demography, segments to target their clients (Neffke and Henning 2013). 2. Why companies integrate horizontally? What are the advantages and disadvantages? If you are in a single industry, how you formulate your strategy as against being in multi industry environment The horizontal integration takes place when two and more companies produce similar goods and provide same advantages join. It creates a monopoly. The example of Horizontal integration can be Walt Disney studio. Walt Disney started out as an animation studio with a target audience of mainly kids and small families. However, they took horizontal integration into live action films, and high voltage thriller movies. They achieved large share in film industry gradually (Thompson 2013). The advantages of horizontal integration are that they can diversify their business, sell their product and services to a large share of consumers. Thus, the cost of manufacturing also comes down. It can also reduce the competition in the market. On the other hand, worst disadvantage is the reduction in overall value to the company because the expected profit only a few times materialized (Wang et al. 2013). In a multi business environment the leadership of a single firm should float through innovative strategies. For a profit-oriented organization, the goals would be different; their objectives will be centered on profit making. They need to think of increasing profitability, gain more market share, boost customer satisfaction and complete the task well under budget (Rothaermel 2015). 3. Why companies integrate vertically? When they do both vertical and horizontal integration and why? Vertical strategy is the one in which a company operates at multiple level of the distribution channel. It starts with the manufacturer then wholesaler buys it after that it goes to retailers. At the end customers, buy the product. For a forward vertical integration manufacturer directly sells to the consumers (Lee 2013). Both vertical and horizontal integrations are meant to increase and expand the growth of business. Vertical and horizontal integrations mainly used by established businesses, as they are monetarily stable to take risks. A perfect example would be Apple. Apple Inc. is a public multinational organization that designs and introduces electronic items. It has worlds third largest cell phone market and has close to 400 retail stores around the globe. They integrated such a way that they can capture the emerging markets. Their manufacturing hub is in China as the costs are less there. They have increased their product line as well as market expansion to capture the profit and volume sell (Hirschheim 2015). 4. What is strategic outsourcing and alternative to vertical integration? Why companies choose this route compared to vertically integrate. Is there any financial or other reason for it? Strategic Outsourcing has two boundaries. One is boundary before outsourcing and boundary after outsourcing. Boundary before outsourcing has four parts like research and development, production, marketing and sales and customer service. Boundary after outsourcing includes all four parts but production and customer service are outsourced. It can be an alternative for vertical integration as it reduces cost. The activity of performance is more and the firm can focus attention and materials on activities important for value creation (Thompson 2013). Vertical integration is a popular strategy for business growth and development. However, the procedure is itself time taking, expensive and difficult to implement. Outsourcing is sometime preferable in this particular aspect. It is less expensive, less time consuming and easy to implement. It has concrete reasons for choosing over vertical integration. Small firms have their issues regarding capital deficiency and less number of employees. Therefore, they sometimes find it difficult to stay in the market by taking vertical integration approach. Strategic outsourcing is the best way for survival for small organizations (Lee 2013). 5. Why and when companies diversify? Diversification is a mechanism to minimize risk by allocating investments among various financial instruments. The goal of diversification is to maximize return by investing in different zones, which would react differently to similar event. It may not give the guarantee against loss. Nevertheless, diversification is the most valuable ingredient of reaching long-range financial targets. It minimizes the risks. Diversified risk is also known as unsystematic risk. It is company specific or industry specific. It is of enormous help to diversify among different asset classes. They can be bonds, stocks; these may not react the same way to adverse incidents. It would reduce portfolio sensitivity to market swings. As the equity, market and bond market move in opposite directions so if the portfolio were diversified to different areas it would give positive outcome at the end (Pearce 2014). 6. How companies decide to diversify in related or unrelated industries and why? The companies often diversify between related diversification and unrelated diversification. Before any investment efficient business diversification strategy need to be used. Diversification analysis needs to demonstrate and support to achieve a return on investment more than risks and costs. Any venture owner should consider efficient diversification strategies to make a competitive advantage. Related diversification strategy have the advantage of analyzing the market and know about the advantages and threats. On the other hand, when a company adds unique or unrelated product lines into the existing product lines it introduces unrelated diversification. For an example, a mobile company might decide to go into television business; it is not related to the ongoing business. Therefore, it would be an unrelated diversification. It would be of immense help if the leadership of the firm can understand the advantage and disadvantages of unrelated and related diversification (Alessandri an d Seth 2014). 7. When diversification go wrong? How companies misread their business, industry and their capabilities in diversification? Diversification goes wrong when there is a gap between market requirement and owner is thinking. The gap on strategy often comes as a blunder in this context. Prediction should be avoided before diversification; theory in this case might not be applicable all the time. Therefore, proper analysis of market and the opportunities and need of the hour should be judged before taking any decision (Bowen 2015). When a company diversifies beyond its core business and starts venturing in different sectors the risks become more prominent. Diversification does not guarantee any key to success. The risk is when the vendors adopt broad-spectrum offerings and commit more than required. For instance, IBM was an IT stack vendor and they were integrating most of the components of infrastructure. Nevertheless, they were falling after a particular point. On 1993 when Lou Gerstner became the CEO, he revised the diversification strategy and made sufficient changes to bring back IBM to its previous position (Kuppuswamy and Villalonga 2015). 8. Why companies acquire other companies and why they enter other industry. Companies sometimes acquire other companies and they enter other industries. It is called merger between two companies. If any superior company thinks, they can earn more profit by buying a small company they merge with it. Larger business firms generally have better access to sources of financing in the money markets than small firms. If one of the firms involved in loss then the loss can be diminished against the profits of the firm that it has merged. By entering into a contract with a company of different line of business, it often benefits the company, which is running at a loss. They can gain operational advantage by shielding extra tax. However, some authors argue it actually causes exact opposite effect and create monopolization in one industry (Schilke 2014). References: Alessandri, T.M. and Seth, A., 2014. The effects of managerial ownership on international and business diversification: Balancing incentives and risks.Strategic Management Journal,35(13), pp.2064-2075. Boguslauskas, V. and Kvedaravi ien, G., 2015. Strategic Outsourcing Plan and the Structure of Outsourcing Process.Engineering Economics,58(3). Bowen, H.P., Baker, H.K. and Powell, G.E., 2015. Globalization and diversification strategy: A managerial perspective.Scandinavian Journal of Management,31(1), pp.25-39. Buckley, P.J., 2014. International integration and coordination in the global factory. InThe Multinational Enterprise and the Emergence of the Global Factory(pp. 3-19). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Campbell, B.A., Coff, R. and Kryscynski, D., 2012. Rethinking sustained competitive advantage from human capital.Academy of Management Review,37(3), pp.376-395. Hirschheim, R., Heinzl, A. and Dibbern, J. eds., 2013.Information Systems Outsourcing: enduring themes, emergent patterns, and future directions. Springer Science Business Media. Kuppuswamy, V. and Villalonga, B., 2015. Does diversification create value in the presence of external financing constraints? Evidence from the 20072009 financial crisis.Management Science. Lee, R.S., 2013. Vertical integration and exclusivity in the platform and two-sided markets.The American Economic Review,103(7), pp.2960-3000. Neffke, F. and Henning, M., 2013. Skill-relatedness and firm diversification.Strategic Management Journal,34(3), pp.297-316. Pearce, J.A., 2014. Why domestic outsourcing is leading America's reemergence in global manufacturing.Business Horizons,57(1), pp.27-36. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill. Schilke, O., 2014. On the contingent value of dynamic capabilities for competitive advantage: The nonlinear moderating effect of environmental dynamism.Strategic Management Journal,35(2), pp.179-203. Thavikulwat, P., Chang, J., and Sanford, D., 2014. Shared experience as incentive for horizontal integration in business simulations.Developments in Business Simulation and Experiential Learning,35. Thompson, A., Peteraf, M., Gamble, J., Strickland III, A.J. and Jain, A.K., 2013.Crafting Executing Strategy 19/e: The Quest for Competitive Advantage: Concepts and Cases. McGraw-Hill Education. Wang, Y., Niu, B. and Guo, P., 2013. On the advantage of quantity leadership when outsourcing production to a competitive contract manufacturer.Production and Operations Management,22(1), pp.104-119.

Leadership for Sustainability of the Health System- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLeadership for Sustainability of the Health System. Answer: Leadership exists at the governance, management and clinical care levels of healthcare. Various researches show that the quality of leadership is a major factor affecting individuals. Key considerations include contentment, trust, commitment, efficacy, values and the internal climate of an organization. (Bell et al. 2004; Burke et al.2006; DeGroot, Kiker Cross 2000; Dirks Ferrin 2002; Gerstner Day 1997; Kouzes Posner 2007). The critical role is in the steering of an objective to completion (Avolio, Wlaumba Weber 2009; Kouzes Posner 2007). A study was done on 1300 hospitals based in Europe and the United States and t was indicated that leadership is pivotal. The health outcome is dependent on good management and clinically competent leadership (Dorgan et al. 2010). In the United Kingdom, the health workforce is anchored on leadership especially on higher managerial ranks. Patients complaints also reduce with good performance indices (CQC 2011). Clinicians take the pole positon in leadership rather than flooding the helm of clinical management with clinicians. Clinical governance is seen in management, decision making and encouraging of the peers by steering innovation and upholding relevant trends that favor results. The course of this can be achieved through embedding developmental leadership in upgrading quality, security or a vibrant healthcare training. Participation of clinicians in the substance of leadership and management is critical in order to save costs and solving of clinical problems. Errs in decision making and control of the clinical structure occur from bogus management that is resource management and budgeting is left to senior clinicians while very senior colleagues have limited leadership capability. Effective leadership greatly improves nurse retention rates and does reduce the nursing turnover. Practice involves loads of work and increased propensity to burnout and truancy for which the managerial team employs staffing to manage (Duffield et al., 2008). The nursing workplace reports productivity in a well set leadership system with proper protocols to conflict resolution, performance appraisal, collective motivation and inspiration of nurses at all cadres (Duffield et al., 2008; Eddy et al., 2009; Frandsen, 2009). References Health Workforce Australia (2012). Leadership for the Sustainability of the Health System: Part 1-A Literature Review. Health Workforce Australia. Adelaide, Australia. Retrieved from;https://www.hwa.gov.au/sites/uploads/leadership-for-sustainability-of-health-sector-literaturereview-012012.pdf Health Workforce Australia (2012). Leadership for the Sustainability of the Health System: Part 1-A Literature Review. Health Workforce Australia. Adelaide, Australia. Retrieved from;https://www.hwa.gov.au/sites/uploads/leadership-for-sustainability-of-health-sector-keyinformant-012012.pdf Nelsey, L., Brownie, S. (2012). Effective leadership, teamwork and mentoring ssss Essential elements in promoting generational cohesion in the nursing workforce and retaining nurses. Collegian 19(4), 197-202

Tragic heros Essay Example For Students

Tragic heros Essay TRAGIC HEROS A tragic hero is a character who is not eminently good and just, yet whose misfortune is brought about not by vice and depravity, but by some error or frailty This is a quote by Aristotle. This quote means a tragic hero isnt well known for being fair, but isnt brought down by being bad and unfair, they are brought down by their own flaws. This is true because some tragic heros arent fair at all but dont get punished for it. They get punished by their own flaws. Two examples of these tragic heroess come from Antigone by Sophocles, and also The Tragedy Of Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare. We will write a custom essay on Tragic heros specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A tragic hero from Antigone is Creon. Creon is very stubborn. Creon says it will be illegal to bury Polynices. Antigone, Polynices sister, buries him. Creon, the king, punishes Antigone because what Polynices did was not right and he didnt deserve to be buried. Antigone was confined to a tomb, in this tomb, she took her own life. Haimon, Creons son, didnt like this because he was Antigones Cousin and fiance. Haimon killed himself. Eurydice, Creons wife, heard how it was Creons fault that their son is dead, so she killed herself. Now Creon is all alone. He ended up like this because of his stubborn attitude. He was to stubborn to bury Polynices, and it caused this chain of events, proving he is a tragic hero. Another tragic hero is Julius Caesar from The Tragedy Of Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare. Julius Caesar is a tragic hero because he is stubborn, and thinks he is untouchable because he is so popular. Brutus, Juliuss close friend, was talked into stopping Julius Caesar from gaining absolute power. Cassius, the man who convinced Brutus to stop Caesar, was gathering more conspirators so they could assassinate Caesar. Julius Caesars wife gave him a warning about some bad happening, and so did the fortuneteller, and so did the people who sacrifice animals. Caesar didnt listen and went to the Capitol with Brutus and the conspirators. Julius was killed there. Julius Caesar was killed by not listening the warnings because he is stubborn and thinks he is too famous to be hurt. This proves he is a tragic hero. Tragic heroes dont die just because they are good or bad, they die because of a flaw. In a lot of stories, tragic heroes die because of pride and stubbornness. In real life there are many people who die because of their flaws. So you could say we are all tragic heroes.Words/ Pages : 444 / 24

Education Without Borders Essay Example

Education Without Borders Essay Education Without Borders Superintendent Tom Boasters has put Denver Public Schools (DIPS) on the fast track to be the first school district in the nation to hire fully qualified, previously undocumented immigrants to teach in classrooms. Boasters trailblazing decision to hire undocumented educators under the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACCA) initiative will bring a much desired wealth of diversity into Deniers multicultural classrooms. This progressive course of action will positively impact the educational development of undocumented students by providing culturally expensive teaching, bilingual educators, and mentors who share the same life experiences. The DACCA memorandum, authored by the Obama Administration, took effect on August 1 5th, 2012. It provides the U. S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (CUSCUS) with a clear process for exercising deportation relief. Such relief is intended for individuals who meet specific guidelines and who have been approved for deferred action under DACCA. This directive will provide thousands of undocumented children and young adults brought to the United States before the age of sixteen, the opportunity to further their education and obtain gainful employment while working toward permanent citizenship. In order to teach under the DACCA initiative, all applicants are required to attain a bachelors degree from an accredited university, and have an undergraduate GAP 2. 50 or greater. During the first year, approved applicants will receive a alternative provisionary teaching license issued by the Colorado Department of Education. We will write a custom essay sample on Education Without Borders specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Education Without Borders specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Education Without Borders specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Following the initial year, educators will be issued a traditional teaching license after completing a series of predatory educational programs offered at the University of Colorado Denver (CUD). DIPS officials, with cooperation from Teach For America (TEA), have been responsive to the DACCA initiative by hiring and actively pursuing suitable individuals that meet this specific criteria. One of the first teachers hired under the DACCA charge is Alexandra Funnies Mean. Mean was brought to the United States from Chile when he was four years old. He graduated from Whitman College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology, and is currently a fifth grade teacher at the Denver Center for International Study at Ford Elementary School in Deniers Monticello neighborhood. Mens experience of coming to the U. S. As a child, while living under the contemptuous veil of an illegal immigrant, has given him a unique perspective that helps him connect emotionally and culturally with impressionable students. Mens students can very easily relate to his plight and envision the possibility that they, too, can successfully graduate from high school, go on to earn a college degree, and use that education to give back to their community. Mean proudly explains, The impossible that existed in my childhood is something that is plausible and a reality now. I now have the opportunity to impact my students and show them that they too can achieve at the highest levels (Denver Public Schools: Communications Office 2014 ). Cultural influence and motivation from educators like Mean, leave long lasting impressions on undocumented and documented students alike. This in turn, expands educational equality, boosts civic participation, and increases economic opportunity in local communities. These young men and women bring extraordinary talent to our classrooms, explains Boasters. We have many, many kids whose stories are like Alexandria. When they [students] see the accomplishments of a nouns man like Alexandra, and hes their teacher with such ability and enthusiasm, I think he brings tremendous hope (Garcia 2014). Hope, inspiration, and a sense of self-worth are valuable components educators like Mean can bring to students in Deniers urban classrooms. As Denver schools become more ethnically diverse, DIPS will need to continue to find new and improved ways to keep students engaged. Hiring teachers with a bilingual skill set, along with the implementation of culturally responsive teaching, are two crucial components DIPS officials need to effectively empower and enrich the classroom experience of immigrant students. Colonization in the classroom starts when educators consciously bring care and empathy into the learning environment. In an ethnographic study of bilingual classrooms, Dry. Sheila M. Shannon states, in several studies, the teacher is clearly seen as the determiner of the culture of the classroom (322). This authority gives bilingual teachers the ability to shape the cultural narrative and linguistic context of classrooms, to fit the distinct needs of students. The ability to interact and teach students in their native language helps educators transform from the moniker of ordinary teacher, into a leader and role model, in the hearts and mind of students. Cultural familiarity stimulates comprehension Comprehension spurs interaction Interaction manifests into participation, and participation is a catalyst for validation. This is the gap in bilingual responsiveness Boasters is attempting to bridge in Deniers public school system. The theory of culturally responsive teaching is defined as using the cultural characteristics, experiences, and perspectives of ethnically diverse students as conduits for teaching them more effectively (Richly, and Graves 2012, Gay 2002). It is believed that students become more engaged and absorb information more fluently when they are comfortable in their learning environment. Engagement is advanced when English-language learners, which account for thirty percent of the DIPS student population, are immersed into bilingual and culturally familiar classrooms that present a curriculum that reflects students values and traditions. Geneva Gay, a Professor of Education at the University of Washington-Seattle asserts, Students feel validated and capable of learning presented information when the methods used to resent information is culturally responsive (Gay 2002). This reasoning gives a certain gravitas to Boasters edict to hire educators like Mean during a time when immigration reform is a hot-button issue in the U. S. Political landscape. Non-profit organizations like The Colorado Alliance for Immigration Reform (CAIRO) do not agree with the Boasters decision to employee undocumented teachers under the DACCA initiative . CAIRO claims hiring undocumented teachers will take Jobs away from qualified and experienced American teachers who are currently unemployed. This argument is a hasty generalization that contradicts Dips insistent challenge to find effective bilingual educators willing to teaching in urban classrooms. Boasters explains, In order to meet the demand [for bilingual teachers], we actually go overseas (Garcia 2014). In fact, undocumented teachers like Mean have to apply for open Jobs and go through the same application and interview process as everyone else, insists Shares Dairy, the Managing Directors of Regional Communications of TFH (You-His Lee, 2014). Cairns nationalistic and xenophobic stance on the DACCA initiative is extremely short-sighted and based on political talking points. The decision by DIPS officials to hire DACCA recipients as educators in Deniers urban classrooms contributes to Colorado cultural mosaic, and promotes equality in Deniers evolving educational system. Engagement and participation is primed when emotional and cultural connections are made between teachers and students. The relationships forged by teachers and students with familiar backgrounds, visavisa undocumented and bilingual, positively affect a broad scope of outcomes for children and young adults in society. Students who feel validated in classroom will be empowered to further their education, which will impede high school drop-out rends, reduced crime, and hinder staggering minority incarceration rates. I believe history will Judge the DACCA initiative as progressive and revolutionary shift in ongoing civil rights battle.

Free Essays on Human Resource Mangement

Human Resource Mangement By: Doug Sheppard Describe and critically evaluate the key factors that shape the role and practices of the HR/Personnel function within an organisation with which you are familiar. On the basis of your analysis identify the main HR challenges currently facing this organisation. Relate your analysis to appropriate literature. Introduction People are an important and expensive resource to a business. This asset has the capacity to be highly productive and generate revenue for the firm, but it also requires much attention and maintenance. When the direct costs of employment are added to the indirect costs of recruitment and selection, training and development, the organisation's investment in an average full-time employee can exceed  £100,000 in a short space of time. Therefore one of the fundamental factors is how to attract the right employee and retain their services, gaining efficiency throughout. Before answering the first part of the question â€Å"Describe and critically evaluate the key facto rs that shape the role and practices of the HR/Personnel function within an organisation with which you are familiar†, the differences between HRM and the older style ‘Personnel Management’ requires defining. Human Resource Management HRM can be defined as any part of the management structure that relates to people at work. It involves everything from recruitment to training to performance appraisal and overall employee welfare. HRM is originally an American management term that has taken over from the more restrictive 'Personnel Management', and denotes a more proactive and business-focused role, with an emphasis on good communication and staff commitment, more flexible work practices, and performance-related reward systems. leavingcert.net/. Once considered a more peripheral activity, HRM has now moved to the core of the business. The author’s own perspective of this assignment is delivered fr... Free Essays on Human Resource Mangement Free Essays on Human Resource Mangement Human Resource Mangement By: Doug Sheppard Describe and critically evaluate the key factors that shape the role and practices of the HR/Personnel function within an organisation with which you are familiar. On the basis of your analysis identify the main HR challenges currently facing this organisation. Relate your analysis to appropriate literature. Introduction People are an important and expensive resource to a business. This asset has the capacity to be highly productive and generate revenue for the firm, but it also requires much attention and maintenance. When the direct costs of employment are added to the indirect costs of recruitment and selection, training and development, the organisation's investment in an average full-time employee can exceed  £100,000 in a short space of time. Therefore one of the fundamental factors is how to attract the right employee and retain their services, gaining efficiency throughout. Before answering the first part of the question â€Å"Describe and critically evaluate the key facto rs that shape the role and practices of the HR/Personnel function within an organisation with which you are familiar†, the differences between HRM and the older style ‘Personnel Management’ requires defining. Human Resource Management HRM can be defined as any part of the management structure that relates to people at work. It involves everything from recruitment to training to performance appraisal and overall employee welfare. HRM is originally an American management term that has taken over from the more restrictive 'Personnel Management', and denotes a more proactive and business-focused role, with an emphasis on good communication and staff commitment, more flexible work practices, and performance-related reward systems. leavingcert.net/. Once considered a more peripheral activity, HRM has now moved to the core of the business. The author’s own perspective of this assignment is delivered fr...

New Public Health Measures Essays

New Public Health Measures Essays New Public Health Measures Paper New Public Health Measures Paper Introduction All of us here today are public health enthusiasts. If we weren’t we would be somehwere else, maybe helping sick people to get better. That is a worthy calling and thank goodness for all the people who do it. But so too is prevention, so too is keeping society healthy, so too is protecting the environment, so too is keeping food and water safe, so too is attending to immunization and child health. When we talk about public health these latter things, that focus on the whole community, or groups within society and the things that determine their health, are what we are talking about. This is big picture stuff. This is about asking why some communities are healthy and some are ill. Why do some communities have such high rates of diabetes, like the Pacific Islands, while other countries have no diabetes but lots of HIV and TB? These are the kind of interests and enthusiasms that have led people into public health as a career for as long as it has been around. These are the kind of questions that were asked ages ago and which are still appropriate to be asked now. So what is this thing called the ‘new’ public health? How has it come about and does it have added value? In brief, the new public health has come about because of growing interest in the subtle interaction of the environment with people living in affluent societies. The old public health remains the public health that most of the world needs, quite frankly, because communicable disease, malnutrition and other scourges are still the major killers worldwide. These are more or less the same as those that led people in the fifteenth century to look at how things such as the plague and cholera could be controlled through sanitation, clean water and quarantine. The new public health But the new public health is much more concerned with the interplay between affluence, social well being, education and health, social capital and health. These are not hard and fast things, like having no system for waste water disposal or using contaminated drinking water. They are more subtle, but in societies like ours where the basic public health engineering and  immunization and food safety are well in place and require surveillance but not reinvention, these new factors – the social, economic and community quality factors – are rising in importance as determinants of health and causes of illness. 1 For example, Michael Marmot has done studies with Geoffrey Rose and others in the UK examining coronary disease rates among civil servants, known as the Whitehall studies. They found that things like a sense of social control and cohesiveness were important determinants of whether people develop coronary disease. Money wasn’t everything. In the Whitehall II study, Marmot (Director of the International Centre for Health and Society at the University College London) and his colleagues examined the psychological characteristic of work termed â€Å"low control† – meaning that an individual worker had little control over his or her daily activities in the workplace. The results showed that it was an important predictor of the risk of cardiovascular disease and that it had an important role in accounting for the social gradient in coronary disease. 1 The origins of the new public health. The Canadians have been very active over many years in promoting our understanding about the interplay between society and social environmental factors and health. This started in 1974 when Marc Lalonde, who was then the Canadian health minister, commissioned a report on the health of Canadians which proposed four sets of factors that were important to keep in mind when thinking about the health of the public. The Lalonde Report2 refers to these four factors collectively as â€Å"The Health Field Concept†. The four elements are human biology, environment, lifestyle and health care organization. The human biology element includes all those aspects of health, both physical and mental, which are developed within the human body as a consequence of the basic biology of man and the organic make-up of the individual. The environment category includes all those matters related to health which are external to the human body and over which the individual has little or no control (for example, foods, water supply, etc). The lifestyle category consists of the aggregation of decisions by individuals which affect their health and over which they more or less have control. The fourth category in the concept is health care organisation, which consists of the quantity, quality, arrangement, nature and relationships of people and resources in the provision of health care the health care system. The Lalonde Report was ground breaking in its day and provoked widespread international interest. Implementation proved to be far harder than was expected and the resilience of the health-care system to drain resources away from the first three fields was spectacular. Nevertheless, Canada has had a more lively interest in the contribution of the first three fields to health and has preserved a degree of control over health care, including rigid enforcement of a restriction on numbers of doctors trained and practicing, ever since. Although perhaps not a direct consequence of the Lalonde Report, Canada has also 2 played a leading role in the evolution of health promotion as a discipline. Several of the leaders in the field, now nearly 30 years on from the Report, are Canadians. They have had a special sensitivity to the potential for health gain by examining not only what can be done to encourage and sustain changes in individual human behaviour that will contribute to better health, but also those changes that can be effected in the natural and built environment that can assist in achieving this goal. Health promotion and the new public health In Australia, the new public health has been reflected in the steady rise of health promotion, expressed such ways as the formation of the Australian Health Promotion Association. The Association’s major objectives include providing opportunities for members’ professional development, increasing public and professional awareness of the roles and functions of health promotion practitioners, and contributing to discussion, debate and decision making on health promotion policy and programs. Since its incorporation in 1990, the Health Promotion Association has grown and developed such that it now has an established function and a central place in Australia’s health promotion landscape. Health promotion is an active form of public health in which an agenda is set with communities and individuals to affirm positively the value of health and push towards high levels of health, seeing it rather as the WHO does as a positive state of well being and not simply the absence of illness. Health promotion uses a range of tactics and methods to achieve its ends, including community participation, development and skill strengthening, advocacy (where health professionals and others lobby for health to be taken seriously at political and commercial levels), and education. Something of a contrast has come to be drawn between the activist promotion end and the formal epidemiological end of the public health spectrum, the former hoeing in boots and all to effect change and the latter taking careful steps, using rigorous studies and statistics, to establish cause and effect relationships before acting. Both groups tend to drive one another nuts. This is a lively tension and not one that is likely to go away. Professor Fran Baum who is head of the Department of Public Health at Flinders University in Adelaide has written a book entitled The new public health: an Australian perspective, that I commend to you. In it the idea of the new public health is given extensive coverage. 3 Source: Baume, F (1988) The new public health: an Australian perspective The new public health overlaps and interacts with other health movements of the past decade – particularly health promotion, primary health care, community health, women’s health, Aboriginal health, workers’ health and health education. 3 History of the new public health The new public health started to develop in the 1980s. It was in the mid-1980s that there was a significant shift in public health when the WHO’s first international conference on health promotion was held in Ottawa, Canada. There were two driving forces behind the Ottawa Charter. It was clear that the Health for All by the Year 2000 strategy was not being adopted by industrialised countries, and the limitations of the lifestyle and behavioural approaches were increasingly being seen as requiring a new conceptualization for health promotion. Also the time was opportune for a more health promotion statement. The Ottawa Charter managed to integrate many of the different perspectives of health promotion. While being seen as the foundation of the new public health, it did not reject behavioural and lifestyle approaches, but saw them as part of the acquisition of personal skills for health. The Charter is based on the belief that health requires peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem, social justice and equity as prerequisites. 4 Box 3. 1: The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, 1986. The Development of healthy public policy, which recognises that most of the private and public sector policies that affect health lie outside the conventional concerns of health agencies. Rather they are in policies such as environmental protection legislation, progressive taxation, welfare, occupational health and safety legislation and enforcement, land rights legislation and control of the sale and distribution of substances such as alcohol and tobacco. Health becomes, therefore, a concern and responsibility of each sector of government. The creation of supportive environments in which people can realise their full potential as healthy individuals. The Charter recognises the importance of social, economic and physical environmental factors in shaping people’s experiences of health. Strengthening community action refers to those activities that increase the ability of communities to achieve change in their physical environmental factors in shaping people’s experience of health. The development of personal skills acknowledges the role that behaviour and lifestyles plays in promoting health. The skills called for are those that enable people to make healthy choices. It also extends the skills base for health to those associated with community organisation, lobbying and advocacy, and the ability to analyse individual problems within a structural framework. Reorientation of health services is a call for health systems to shift their emphasis from (in most industrialised countries) an almost total concentration on hospital-based care and extensive technological diagnostic and intervention to a system that is community-based, more user-friendly and controlled, which focuses on health. The Ottawa Charter stresses the importance of, and recommends: Advocacy for health Enabling people to achieve their full health potential Mediation between different interests in society for the pursuit of health Source: Baume, F (1988). The new public health: an Australian perspective Following in the spirit of the Ottawa Charter, in 1986 the Better Health Commission (BHC), a group established by the then Commonwealth Minister for Health, Neal Blewett, published Looking Forward to Better Health. Its brief was to recommend ways in which health in Australia might be promoted, especially though ways that were 5  unconventional for the medical and public health professions. It was part of Australia’s response to the World Health Organization’s commitment to achieve equitable levels of health for all people, according tot the political and economic possibilities of each country, by 2000. This report contained proposals for achieving greater equity in health in Australia together with strategies to address several major preventable contributors to death and disease. Task forces established goals and targets for three priority health topics: cardiovascular disease, nutrition and injury. 4 In making these choices the Commission was concerned to identify not only big problems, but also problems potentially amenable to prevention. Heart disease, the principal cause of death, was also chosen because of its multiple modifiable causes (e. g. diet, smoking an sedentary living), nutrition because of its multiple consequences (e. g. diabetes, heart disease and cancer) and injury because it cannot be dealt with preventively by efforts confined to health care but must involve industry, transport, law enforcement and industrial relations. These three major health problems in contemporary Australian society are priorities for health promotion by virtually any criterion. The work of the BHC was taken further in the National Better Health Program and led to the formulation of national health goals and then national health priorities which remain in place today. By the end of the 1980s, despite success, there was some Australian scepticism about the new directions in public health. Some questioned whether the new public health was really ‘new’ or simply old ideas in new clothing. This criticism is somewhat harsh as one of the features of the Ottawa Charter is that it does not ignore public health history but rather builds on it. The Ottawa Charter reflected numerous social and health movements of the previous 120 or so years. Its claims to be ‘new’ derives from how it pulled together numerous and diverse movements to present a package which gave public health a more radical and cohesive direction than had been the case for some time. Today, public health is alive and well and confronting in this country the challenges that it can assist ameliorate. We are an astonishingly healthy nation – on average. We have the second longest healthy life expectancy of all nations, a fraction behind Japan. But within our country we have communities including those of some of our Indigenous people where these privileged are far from being available. It is here that a combination of old and new public health measures is required. Good work is being done and more is needed. This is the mission of public health. 6 References 1. Marmot, M ‘Inequalities in Health’, The New England Journal of Medicine 2001;345(2):134-136 2. Lalonde, M (1974) A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians. Ottawa: National Ministry of Health and Welfare 3. Baume, F (1998) The new public health: an Australian perspective Publisher: Oxford University Press 4. Leeder S R (1999) Healthy Medicine, Challenges facing Australia’s health services Publisher: Allen Unwin 7

Colonel General Heinz Guderian in World War II

Colonel General Heinz Guderian in World War II Colonel General Heinz Guderian was German military officer who helped pioneer blitzkrieg warfare using armor and motorized infantry. A veteran of World War I, he elected to remain in the service during the interwar years and published his ideas on mobile warfare as the book Achtung - Panzer!. With the beginning of World War II, Guderian commanded armored formations in the invasions of Poland, France, and the Soviet Union. Briefly falling out of favor, he later served as Inspector-General of the Armored Troops and Acting Chief of the General Staff. Guderian ultimately surrendered to American forces on May 10, 1945. Early Life Career The son of a German soldier, Heinz Guderian was born at Kulm, Germany (now Chelmno, Poland) on June 17, 1888. Entering military school in 1901, he continued for six years until joining his fathers unit, Jger Bataillon No. 10, as a cadet. After brief service with this unit, he was dispatched to a military academy at Metz. Graduating in 1908, he was commissioned as a lieutenant and returned to the jgers. In 1911, he met Margarete Goerne and quickly fell in love. Believing his son too young to marry, his father forbade the union and sent him for instruction with the 3rd Telegraph Battalion of the Signal Corps. World War I Returning in 1913, he was permitted to marry Margarete. In the year before World War I, Guderian underwent staff training in Berlin. With the outbreak of hostilities in August 1914, he found himself working in signals and staff assignments. Though not at the front lines, these postings allowed him to develop his skills in strategic planning and the direction of large-scale battles. Despite his rear area assignments, Guderian sometimes found himself in action and earned the Iron Cross first and second class during the conflict. Though he often clashed with his superiors, Guderian was seen as an officer with great promise. With the war winding down in 1918, he was angered by the German decision to surrender as he believed that the nation should have fought until the end. A captain at the end of the war, Guderian elected to remain in the postwar German Army (Reichswehr) and was given command of a company in the 10th Jger Battalion. Following this assignment, he was shifted to the Truppenamt which served as the armys de facto general staff. Promoted to major in 1927, Guderian was posted to the Truppenamt section for transport. Colonel General Heinz Guderian Rank: Colonel GeneralService: German ArmyNickname(s): Hammering HeinzBorn: June 17 1888 in Kulm, German EmpireDied: May 14, 1954 in Schwangau, West GermanyParents: Friedrich and Clara GuderianSpouse: Margarete GoerneChildren: Heinz (1914-2004), Kurt (1918-1984)Conflicts: World War I, World War IIKnown For: Invasion of Poland, Battle of France, Operation Barbarossa Developing Mobile Warfare In this role, Guderian was able to play a key role in developing and teaching motorized and armored tactics. Extensively studying the works of mobile warfare theorists, such as J.F.C. Fuller, he began to conceive of what would ultimately become the blitzkrieg approach to warfare. Believing that armor should play the key role in any attack, he argued that formations should be mixed and contain motorized infantry to aid and support the tanks. By including support units with the armor, breakthroughs could be quickly exploited and rapid advances sustained. Espousing these theories, Guderian was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1931 and made chief of staff to the Inspectorate of Motorized Troops. A promotion to colonel quickly followed two years later. With German rearmament in 1935, Guderian was given command of the 2nd Panzer Division and received a promotion to major general in 1936. Over the next year, Guderian recorded his ideas on mobile warfare, and those of his compatriots, into the book Achtung - Panzer!. Making a persuasive case for his approach to war, Guderian also introduced a combined arms element as he incorporated air power into his theories. Promoted to lieutenant general on February 4, 1938, Guderian received command of the XVI Army Corps. With the conclusion of the Munich Agreement later that year, his troops led the German occupation of the Sudetenland. Advanced to general in 1939, Guderian was made Chief of Fast Troops with responsibility for recruiting, organizing and training the armys motorized and armored troops. In this position, he was able to shape panzer units to effectively implement his ideas of mobile warfare. As the year passed, Guderian was given command of the XIX Army Corps in preparation for the invasion of Poland. World War II German forces opened World War II on September 1, 1939, when they invaded Poland. Putting his ideas into use, Guderians corps slashed through Poland and he personally oversaw German forces at the Battles of Wizna and Kobryn. With the conclusion of the campaign, Guderian received a large country estate in what became Reichsgau Wartheland. Shifted west, XIX Corps played a key role in the Battle of France in May and June 1940. Driving through the Ardennes, Guderian led a lightning campaign that split the Allied forces. Heinz Guderian during the Battle of France. Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-769-0229-12A / Borchert, Erich (Eric) / CC-BY-SA 3.0 Breaking through the Allied lines, his rapid advances constantly kept the Allies off balance as his troops disrupted rear areas and overran headquarters. Though his superiors wished to slow his advance, threats of resignation and requests for reconnaissances in force kept his offensive moving. Driving west, his corps led the race to the sea and reached the English Channel on May 20. Turning south, Guderian aided in the final defeat of France. Promoted to colonel general (generaloberst), Guderian took his command, now dubbed Panzergruppe 2, east in 1941 to participate in Operation Barbarossa. In Russia Attacking the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, German forces made quick gains. Driving east, Guderians troops overwhelmed the Red Army and aided in the capture of Smolensk in early August. Through his troops were preparing for a rapid advance on Moscow, Guderian was angered when Adolf Hitler ordered his troops to turn south toward Kiev. Protesting this order, he quickly lost Hitlers confidence. Ultimately obeying, he aided in the capture of the Ukrainian capital. Returning to his advance on Moscow, Guderian and German forces were halted in front of the city in December. Hienz Guderian during Operation Barbarossa, 1941. Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-139-1112-17 / Knobloch, Ludwig / CC-BY-SA 3.0 Later Assignments On December 25, Guderian and several senior German commanders on the Eastern Front were relieved for conducting a strategic retreat against the wishes of Hitler. His relief was facilitated by Army Group Center commander Field Marshal Gunther von Kluge with whom Guderian had frequently clashed. Departing Russia, Guderian was placed on the reserve list and retired to his estate with his career effectively over. In September 1942, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel requested that Guderian serve as his relief in Africa while he returned to Germany for medical treatment. This request was refused by the German high command with the statement, Guderian is not accepted. With the German defeat at the Battle of Stalingrad, Guderian was given new life when Hitler recalled him to serve as Inspector-General of the Armored Troops. In this role, he advocated for the production of more Panzer IVs which were more reliable than the newer Panther and Tiger tanks. Reporting directly to Hitler, he was tasked with overseeing armor strategy, production, and training. On July 21, 1944, a day after the failed attempt on Hitlers life, he was elevated to Army Chief of Staff. After several months of arguments with Hitler over how to defend Germany and fight a two-front war, Guderian was relieved for medical reasons on March 28, 1945. Later Life As the war wound down, Guderian and his staff moved west and surrendered to American forces on May 10. Kept as a prisoner of war until 1948, he was not charged with war crimes at the Nuremburg Trials despite requests from the Soviet and Polish governments. In the years after the war, he aided in the reconstruction of the German Army (Bundeswehr). Heinz Guderian died at Schwangau on May 14, 1954. He was buried at Friedhof Hildesheimer Strasse in Goslar, Germany.

Compare and Contrast Rawlsian and Dworkinian account of distributive Essay

Compare and Contrast Rawlsian and Dworkinian account of distributive justice - Essay Example The focus in this methodology of viewing justice is on the outcomes and results of distributions rather than the procedural tools which connect with administrative bodies or the government established in the system. Two prominent thinkers, i.e. Ronald Dworkin and John Rawls have presented their ideas about distributive justice and an understanding of these ideas is important for any student of sociology, philosophy, law and even economics. It would be best to examine the ideas of Rawls first since he presented his ideas before Dworkin. In the simplest of terms, John Rawls distributive justice is based on the idea of alternative distributive justice in which a Difference Principle is called into action. Rawls accepts that equality and equal distribution of resources within any given system is impossible therefore he creates a difference principle under which inequality becomes perfectly acceptable. The Difference Principle allows a society to allocate resources in a way where equality is not needed, but only if the creation of this inequality makes the lower strata of society materially better off than they would have been had there been perfect equality (Rawls, 1993). As a difference to Dworkinian distributive justice, this idea is based on the fact that the level of wealth in an economy is never a fixed constant and it can be changed from one point in time to the other. Rawls suggests that the wealth of a nation can be created by technology, innovation and development and this has been clearly proven by the industrialized nations of the world. Of course this comes with the idea of capitalism and social Darwinism where the most productive people within an economy will rise to the top and create wealth for themselves as well as the economic system they are in. This may lead to the accumulation of wealth at the top of the social order but Rawls does not consider this to be a

Open Communications Network With PLCs Assignment

Open Communications Network With PLCs - Assignment Example These levels of communication are either open or closed. Open communication technologies using programmable logic controllers are in some instances considered to be less secure since they are prone to interference by unauthorized individuals. However, they are proffered by several companies due to their low costs (Beach, 2008). There are several devices that enable data transmission using Programmable Logic Controllers. These encompass several gateways that are hosted in different operating system development environment. Open network communication getaways use the open Linux development environment together with certified hardware to ensure secure and efficient data transmission. Using these getaways, several interfaces are employed. These include universal serials Buses (USB’s), Serial ports, secure digits cards (SD cards) and Ethernet. Also, internal peripherals such as Global position System (GPS) receivers, and cellular modems maybe used. Programmable Logic Controllers networks are equipped with several options that are designed to meet specific communication and control requirements. Some of the typical options provided include peer-to-peer communications, host computer communications among others. The vendors of this PLC devices produce unique devices with unique networking capabilities (Irwin,

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Industry Networking Event - Assignment Example This is a movie which premiered recently and some of the aspects to do with the movie were being highlighted. The place where this activity was being carried out was at the Gnomon School of Visual Effect. The choice of location and sponsor in this case seems to be rather strategic. This is because for starters the institution is one that focuses on certain aspects which are well brought out in the movie. These are the issues to do with 3D effects among other things. The choice of this particular event was not just coincidental. It was done with the intention of finding out how individuals studying a particular concept are able to interact with the individuals who are applying what they are studying. The event was rather publicized around the Hollywood area and for this reason anyone who had interest in such an activity was in the know. The internet also played a role in the sense that it provided more information and shed more light on the information that was already at hand. Through the internet the minor details about the events and its associated activities were known. This event is actually very important especially to the individuals who are interested in the entertainment and movie-making industry. Through such an event they are able to know the finer details that are involved when developing a movie with the magnitude of the one that was being examined. It should be understood that movie production is not a simple feat as such and for this reason before embarking on such an activity one has to borrow a leaf from the individuals who have already succeeded in the same area. At the same time the event is able to make people know how certain concepts in a movie are developed. This is actually interesting because for the general public or the lay person there are some things that go on in movies which are considered to be out of the ordinary. This event brought clear understanding of such phenomena. I

Vitamin D Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vitamin D - Essay Example se is of course individuals that live in far northern latitudes where temperature concern requires these individuals to remain thoroughly covered so that frostbite and/or exposure to inclement weather is not affected. A secondary group of individuals that is negatively impacted by the degree and extent to which they are able to gain healthful level of exposure to the sun, in order to encourage the body to create vitamin D naturally, are those individuals within societies that are relatively wealthy and spend the majority of their time indoors. However, there is a third contingent of individuals that must be considered with respect to low vitamin D levels and the impact this on out. These are with regards to women that live within conservative Muslim nations in and around the equator; specifically Saudi Arabia. Accordingly, the following analysis will focus specifically upon the difficulties in achieving sufficient levels of vitamin D for female stakeholders within Saudi Arabia, some of the means by which diet can be leveraged as a function of promoting vitamin D levels within the human body, the effects of vitamin D deficiency, and ways to raise awareness with regard to the impacts of low vitamin D levels. Firstly, with respect to low vitamin D levels that are represented within the female population of conservative Muslim societies, this is oftentimes the result of the fact that strict norms of morality prevent women from showing anything more than their hands or a brief space around the eyes. Whereas it is not the goal of this particular paper to discuss whether or not the niqab is ethical or moral, in a universal standpoint, it must be noted that these moral restrictions create a situation through which vitamin D creation from the sun is nearly impossible (Vanni et al., 2014). As women remain cloistered behind layers of dark fabric, the overall amount of time that they are able to spend outside, or in public in general, is restricted. Furthermore, the extreme

Macro & Micro economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Macro & Micro economics - Essay Example With the rising income levels of most of the economies, the demands for entertainment products like dolls have substantially increased. In the modern age, dolls are often made of rubberized plastic materials. These materials comprises of crude oil and national gas in them. There are special machines that help to give shape to standardized pieces of doll parts in the manufacturing process. Nowadays to park more potential buyers, doll manufacturing companies use special chemicals to produce dolls of various skin colors to make them attractive to various types’ customers belonging to different global zones. Car Production Process Unlike doll production, automobile industry or car production process is highly labor intensive in nature. Mercedes, Honda, Tesla, BMW etc are the various companies manufacturing cars. With the growth of per capita income levels and the improvement in the rate of urbanization in most of the economies in the world, the proportions of cars demanded in the market have increased significantly. However it should be considered that manufacturing of cars requires high state of technology and exclusive machineries. It is clearly observed in the video that the level of car production process takes place via various steps, where there are huge modern machines automatically executing the manufacturing process. Thus unlike doll industries, car manufacturing industries requires large amount of electricity and petroleum for its working. Hypothetical Input Output Matrix Industry Input Costs Toy Industry (manufacturing dolls) Automobile Industry (manufacturing cars) Cost of Labor Input $153 million $85 million Cost of Capital Input $ 60 million $200 million (Source: Authors Creation) The above hypothetical input industry 2x2 matrixes clearly shows that the gross cost of labor input is more than capital input in the toy industry producing dolls. On the other hand, the automobile industry manufacturing cars require more expensive capital input cost than labor cost. Thus it is quantitatively proved that the toy industry is a labor intensive industry and the car manufacturing industry is a capital intensive industry. Factor Intensity and Factor Abundance China is the most populated nation in the world. Perhaps this is the reason for which the country is rich in terms of labor resource. The nation always concentrates in labor intensive modes of production. It is a labor abundant nation, where the size of its labor force is 937.27 million as recorded in 2011. On the other hand, U.S. is a nation rich in terms of financial resources. This is the reason for which the country is a capital abundant nation that is rich in terms of technological knowhow. The following section of the essay will concentrate on the factor endowments of the two countries and the factor intensities of the industries in a graphically represented Hecksher Ohlin model. Figure 1: Hecksher Ohlin Model Car Production Doll Production The production Possibility Front iers (PPF) shows the two combinations of two goods that can be produced with the given amount of resources and state of technology1. The steeper PPF is of U.S., signifying capital abundance and intensity in production. The flatter PPF is of China, signifying labor abundance and intensity in production. The convex lines are the isoquants that show the different combinations of inputs that can be utilized to produce the same amount of output. B and E are the points inside the PPF of U.S. and China respectively, showing situations where all the resources are not efficiently used. A and G are the autarky or non trading positions of U.S. and China

The Han and Rome Essay Example for Free

The Han and Rome Essay From 206 B.C.E. 220 C.E., the Han dynasty, in China, accumulated many political control methods, as did Imperial Rome reigning from 31 B.C.E. – 476 C.E. However, there were more differences than similarities between the two empires/dynasties. Two main differences were China and Rome’s territorial expansion and their political philosophies (mandate of heaven and monarchy). A similarity between these two empires would be their centralized government adopting bureaucracy. China put their trust in the mandate of heaven, which is a Chinese political theory that gave those in power the right to rule from a divine authority. Imperial Rome relied on a monarchy system, which put Augustus Caesar (Julius Caesar’s son) into power. Another factor that differentiated Han China and Imperial Rome was their territorial expansion. Imperial Rome expanded from Italy to Spain, Gaul, Macedonia, Asia Minor, Egypt, Greece and Britannia. However, although Han China expands throughout Asia, they felt they did not need to expand much to sustain their power. Nonetheless, what allowed Han China and Imperial Rome to resemble each other, was there centralized bureaucracies. This is a government system in which all of the important decisions are made by one or a few authorities in a region. Rowland 2 Han China (206 B.C.E. 220 C.E.) and Imperial Rome (31 B.C.E. – 476 C.E.) discriminate more with their political methods, than relate to one another. Two distinctions would be their political philosophies, mandate of heaven and monarchy, and their territorial expansion concepts. One aspect that helped them relate to one another was that they shared the ideal of a centralized bureaucracy.